E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Plaque Psoriasis

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 4 APRIL
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Role of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya in the management of Plaque Psoriasis: A Review

Sharma K1*, Prajapati VN2, Nagar RK3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.4.37

1* Krishna Sharma, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Deemed to Be University (De-novo), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

2 Vishal Nandlal Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Deemed to Be University (De-novo), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

3 Rakesh Kumar Nagar, Associate Professor, Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Deemed to Be University (De-novo), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Background: Globally, the prevalence of psoriasis ranges from 0.09% to 11.4%. It is found to be between 1.5% and 5% in the majority of developed nations. In India, its prevalence rate varies between 0.44 and 2.8%. It is an autoimmune noninfectious, chronic, inflammatory skin disorder where altered keratinization of epidermal cell takes place with well-defined erythematous lesion and silvery plaques. In Ayurveda, according to sign and symptoms of psoriasis we can correlate it with Kapha and Pitta dominant Tridoshaja Kustha. Extensive research work has been conducted on psoriasis, yet a cost-effective and palatable cure remains elusive.

Materials and Methoda: The review on effect of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya on psoriasis was done by compiling information from classical Ayurveda text, online pediatrics journals, research papers, recommendations and databases like Medline, PubMed etc.

Discussion and Results: All the ingredients of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya have the attributes of Kushthaghana (able to cure dermatological afflictions), Dushtavranvishodhana (Cleansing of a vitiated or infected wound), Kandughana (Anti-Pruritic) and have Katu, Tikta and Kashaya Rasa, Laghu, Ruksha Guna, and Ushna Veerya that are helpful in breaking the pathogenesis of Kapha and Pitta dominant Tridoshaja Kustha (~Plaque Psoriasis).

Conclusion: This paper emphasizes the effect of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya on plaque psoriasis.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Herbs, Kustha, Plaque Psoriasis, Skin disorder

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Krishna Sharma, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Deemed to Be University (De-novo), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Email: 		Sharma K, Prajapati VN, Nagar RK, Role of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya in the management of Plaque Psoriasis: A Review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(4):245-254.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4611/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-03-10 2025-03-26 2025-04-07 2025-04-16 2025-04-26
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Not required 12.92

© 2025 by Sharma K, Prajapati VN, Nagar RK and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)245
Download PDFBack To ArticleIntroductionAim and ObjectivesMaterials and MethodsDiscussionConclusionReferences
Krishna S et al. Role of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya in Plaque Psoriasis

Introduction

Psoriasis is an autoimmune non-infectious, chronic, inflammatory skin disorder where altered keratinization of epidermal cell takes place with well-defined erythematous lesion and silvery plaques with a predilection for the extensor surface and scalp and a chronic fluctuating course.[1] Psoriasis is becoming a major worldwide issue, according to a global report on the condition, because it is getting more common in all nations, regardless of age, gender, or cultural background.[2] Since 1970, the prevalence of psoriasis in youngsters has increased, with a 1:1 female to male ratio.[3] According to estimates, between 30% and 50% of adult instances of psoriasis occur before the age of 20.[4]

According to sign and symptoms of plaque psoriasis we can correlate it with Kapha and Pitta dominant Tridoshaja Kustha. Kustha is caused by morbidity of 7 factors i.e., Tridoshas, viz. Vata, Pitta & Kapha vitiates 4 Dhatus of the body viz. Tvaka (Skin), Rakta (blood), Mamsa (Muscle) and Lasika (Lymph) which are called as ‘Saptadravya Sangraha’ (Seven substances involved in the pathogenesis of Kustha). Due to indulgence of Nidana, aggravation of Doshas in general and Vata-Kapha in particular occurs results in production of Ama and Dhatu Shaithilya. The vitiated Dosha along with Ama move through Tiryakgata Sira and get settled into the Tvaka and Mamsa along with vitiated Rakta and Lasika, this leads to obstruction in Rasvaha (Nutrient Channels), Raktavaha (Blood Channels), Mamsavaha (Muscle Channels) and Svedavaha Srotas (Sweat Channels) producing its symptoms. If Kustha is not treated in this phase it further progress to deeper Dhatus.[5] Samprapti Vighatanam Eva Chikitsa”. Ayurveda emphasizes on “Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam and Aturasya Vikara Prashamanam” (to maintain the health of the healthy and to cure the diseases of the sick) hence Chikitsa can be considered as Kriya or Karma which maintains the Samyata in Dosha, Dhatu, Mala and Agni; and simultaneously also cures the disease.[6] The effects of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya on psoriasis are the subject of this review. Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya is described in various Ayurvedic literatures, including Sahasrayogam. Khadira, Vasa, Patola, Amirta, Nimba, Amalaki, Haritaki, and Vibhitiki are the eight ingredients that make up Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya.[7]

Aim and Objectives

To explore the role of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya in the management of Plaque Psoriasis.

Materials and Methods

The review was conducted by compiling information from classical Ayurvedic texts, online journals, research papers, and databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline. Through the associated publication websites, the full text of those researches is accessible in pdf format.

Table 1: Ingredients of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya[7]

SNNameLatin NameFamilyParts used
1.KhadiraAcacia catechu Linn.LeguminosaeHard bark
2.VasaAdhatoda vasica Ness.AcanthaceaeLeaves
3.PatolaTrichosanthes dioica Roxb.CucurbitaceaeLeaves
4.AmritaTinsospora cordifolia Wild.MeninspermaceaeStem
5.NimbaAzardiracta indica A.Juss.MeliaceaeLeaves
6.Triphala
  • Amalaki
  • Vibhitaki
  • Haritaki
Emblica officanalis Gaerth.
Terminalia bellirica Roxb.
Terminalia chebula Retz.		Euphorbiaceae
Combretaceae
Combretacae		Fruit
Fruit
Fruit

Table 2: The Rasa-Panchaka of contents of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya

SNIngredientsRasaGunaViryaVipakaDoshaghnata
1.Khadira [8]Tikta, KashayaLaghu, RukshaSheetaKatuKaphapittahara
2.Vasa[9]Tikta, KashayaLaghuSheetaKatuKaphapittahara
3.Patola [10]TiktaLaghu, RukshaUshnaKatuTridoshasamaka
4.Amrita [11]Tikta, KashayaLaghuUshnaMadhuraTridoshasamaka
5.Nimba [12]Tikta,RukshaSheetaKatuPittanashaka
6.Amalaki [13]Pancharas (Amlapradhan)Laghu, RukshaSheetaMadhuraTridoshahara
7.Vibhitaki [14]KashayaLaghu, RukshaUshnaMadhuraKaphapittahara
8.Haritaki[15]Pancharasa (Lavanavarjita)Laghu, RukshaUshnaMadhuraTridoshahara

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Table 3: Ayurveda properties of ingredients of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya

DrugAyurveda Properties
Khadira[8]Raktasodhaka, Kushthaghna, Krimighana, Varnya.
Vasa[9]Kusthagna, Ratkapittaha
Patola[10]Kushtha and Kandu,Deepan,Varnya
Amrita[11]Rasayana, Balya, Agnidipana, Raktasodhaka
Nimba[12]Krimighna, Kushthahar, Vranya and Amasotha
Triphala
Amalaki [13]
Vibhitiki [14]
Haritaki[15]		Rasayana, Raktapittahara
Bhedaka, Kriminashana,
Rasayana, Anulomana, Deepana,

Table 4: Chemical constituents found in the ingredients of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya

DrugChemical Constituents
KhadiraGlycosides: Poriferasterol, poriferasterol acylglucosides, Tannins: Gallic acid, d-rhamnose, Sugars: Dgalactose, and l-arabinose, phlobatannins., Triterpenoids.[16]
VasaVasicine, Adhatodine, Adhatonine, Adhavasinone, Anisotine, Vasakine, DeoxyandN -Oxide, Vasicinol, Vasicinone, Vasicinolone, Vasicoland Betaine, Steroid Beta-Sitosterol.[17]
PatolaVitamin A, vitamin C, tannins, saponins.[18]
AmritaTinocordifolioside, Ecdysterone, Tinosporin, Jatrorrhizine, Aporphine Alkaloids, Tetrahydropalmatine.[19]
NimbaNimbidin, Nimbidal, Azadirachtin, Meliantriol, Nimbin, Azadirine, gedunin, Salanin.[20]
AmalakiAscorbic acid and gallotannins.[21]
VibhitikiBeta-Sitosterol, Gallic Acid, Chebulagic Acid andTermilignan, Hydroxy-3', 4'-(Methylenedioxy) Flavan, And Anolignan-B.[22]
HaritakiGallic Acid, Chebulic Acid, Punicalagin, Chebulanin, Corilagin, Neochebulinic, Ellagic Acid, Chebulegic Acid, ChebulinicAcid.[23]

Khadira (Acacia catechu Linn.)

Ayurveda Pharmacology Action: Khadira contains Tikta-Kashaya Rasa (bitter & astringent taste). These two Rasas by virtue of their pharmaco. properties like Soshana (absorption), Vishaghnatva (anti poisonous), Kandu Prashamana (reduce itching sensation), Tvakmamsa, Sthirikarana (nourishment & strengthening of skin & muscle) & Pidana, Ropana (wound healing), Kledaupashosana (dry of exudation) causes therapeutic action of reducing edema, detoxification, restoration, antihistaminic action & contraction, healing, clearing of derbies.[24]

Modern Pharmacology Action

Anti-inflammatory effect: A. catechu increases the secretion of IL-10 (plays a role in immunoregulation and inflammation),

and inhibits the production of TNF-α (mediator of inflammatory response) secreted by monocytes and macrophages.[25]

Immuno-modulatory effect: Study on Wistar albino rats shows that the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu has significant effect on both the cell mediated and the humoral immunity The exact constituent(s) responsible for the immunomodulatory effect is not known.[26]

Anti-oxidant effect: Study of 70% methanol extract of heartwood extract of Acacia catechu showed significant antioxidant activity, iron chelating and DNA protective activity which is partly due to phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in its Standard methods like dot? blot assay, TLC study and DPPH assay showed that AC extract is a highly effective antioxidant. Catechin, rutin and isorhamnetin are reported as free radical scavengers and these compounds largely contribute to biopotency of Acacia catechu.[26]

Wound healing effect: In Asia crushed bark of Acacia catechu Willd is used topical on wounds as it is potent wound healing medicinal plant. It has astringent effect and also causes precipitation of skin which makes it very good wound healing plant. Furthermore, it also exhibits antimicrobial property which prevents growth of microbes on wounds. This activity is due to presence of tannins and flavonoids in bark of Acacia catechu wild.[27]

Vasa (Adhatoda Vasica Ness.)

Ayurveda Pharmacology Action: In Gunaratnamala of Bhavamishra ‘Aarusha’ word has been used in place of Vasa and its Guna Karma along with characteristic features of Vasa are described as Sheeta Virya, Tikta-Kashaya Rasa, Laghu Guna, and indicated in Kapha-Pittaraktanashak and mentioned in the treatment of Kustha (skin diseases).[28]

Modern Pharmacology Action

Anti-inflammatory effect: A dose of 50 μg/pellet alkaloid fraction (methanol extract), has been reported to be potent anti-inflammatory agent as was shown in modified hen’s egg chorio-allantois membrane test.[29]

Immuno-modulatory effect: Methanolic, chloroform and diethyl ether extract of leaves of Adhatoda vasica Linn.


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were pharmacologically validated for its immunomodulatory properties in experimental animals. Oral administration of extracts at a dose of 400 mg/kg in adult male Wister rats significantly increased the percentage neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers (P< 0.001). The observed results at different doses were significant when compared to control groups. These findings suggested that the extracts of this plant, A. vasica Linn positively modulates the immunity of the host.[30]

Anti-oxidant effect: Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of A. Vasica was estimated by total antioxidant activity, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power potential and iron chelating activity. Extract showed high antioxidant activity in various antioxidant experiments. The extract of A. Vasica showed presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds (phenolic compounds and flavonoids), which could be the possible reason behind the antioxidant activity of the plant.[31]

Wound healing effect: Vasica improved breaking strength, tensile strength, absorption and extensibility in the wound repair tissue. In addition, the levels of elastin, collagen, hydroxyproline, hexosamine and zinc were greatly increased in the animals treated with Adhatoda. The alcoholic extract of the herb was found to be the most effective.[32]

Patola (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.)

Ayurveda Pharmacology Action: In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Patola Patra is mentioned ‘Pitta Shamaka’. Patola is also known as ‘Tikta’; as it is rich in Tikta Rasa, which is helpful for Pitta Dosha Shamana. Patola is mentioned as ‘Sukhena Virechana’ which can help to remove the toxins from the body.[33]

Modern Pharmacology Action

Anti-inflammatory effect: The study evaluated anti-inflammatory effects of triterpenoid enriched extract of T. dioica root (CETD) in rodents at the doses of 50-100 mg/kg body weight. CETD was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in experimental acute carrageenan histamine & serotonin induced paw (edema) & chronic models (cotton pellet induced granulose) in Wistar albino rats. In all the anti-inflammatory models, CETD exhibited promising anti -inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner.[34]

Immuno-modulatory effect: Aqueous extract of T. dioica fed to albino rats at different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 45 days) and immunomodulatory, biochemical and hematological effects were observed. It was noted that the extract enhanced antibody formation and higher level of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and hemoglobin in a dose dependent manner, leaving the biochemical parameters unaltered.[35]

Anti-oxidant effect: Anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Trichosanthes dioica (TSD) fruits was studied for its free radical scavenging property in different in vitro methods as 1, 1 diphenyl-2- picryl hydroxyl, DPPH assay, nitric oxide, reducing power assay and hydrogen peroxide radical method. The findings could justify the inclusion of this plant in the management of antioxidant activity.[36]

Wound healing effect: Methanolic pointed gourd fruit extract on healing of wounds in three groups of rats was investigated. For this, excision and incision wounds were induced on rats, after which two of them was treated with ointment and standard silver sulfadiazine (0.01%) and group three was given 5% w/w T. dioica ointment. Parameters like wound contraction percent, epithelialization time, hydroxyproline content, tensile strength along with histopathological studies were observed on rats. The study revealed that T. dioica possesses wound healing effect.[37]

Laxative effect: The laxative activity of TDA (100 and 200 mg kg (-1) body weight per os) was evaluated by assessing the excretory bowel activities in naive (non-constipated) and in drug (loperamide)-induced constipation in mice.[38]

Amrita (Tinsospora cordifolia Wild.)

Ayurveda Pharmacology Action: In Sushruta Samhita, Guduchi is traditionally claimed for the treatment of diseases like Kustha (Leprosy). Guduchi is considered one of the best Rasayana. Rasayana effect of Guduchi can be used to heal & prevent infections.[39]

Modern Pharmacology Action

Anti-inflammatory effect: The water extract of stem part showed anti-inflammatory role in albino rats. It has significantly suppressed acute inflammatory response caused by carrageenin extract when applied orally.[40]


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Immuno-modulatory effect: The alcoholic extract of T. cordifolia showed significant immunomodulatory effects. At standard dose, extract increased the α- amylase activity and cellularity of bone marrow in rats. It had been observed by some researchers that some active compounds viz; 11‑hydroxymustakone, N‑methyl‑2‑pyrrolidone, N‑formylannonain, cordifolioside Amagnoflorine, tinocordiside and syringing showed immunomodulatory activity.[41]

Anti-oxidant effect: Various extracts of T. cordifolia exhibits an anti-oxidant potential by scavenging the free radicals and other reactive species respectively. T. cordifolia significantly reduces the regulation of lipid peroxidation process thereby decreasing the level of reactive free radical species in a diabetic rat model (alloxan induced diabetes) and up regulates antioxidant enzymes like catalase and glutathione indicating its anti-oxidant effects.[42]

Nimba (Azardiracta indica A.Juss.)

Ayurveda Pharmacology Action: Nimba Rasa (Taste) is Tikta, Kashaya, Guna (Qualities) are Laghu, Ruksha, Veerya (Potency) is Sheeta, Vipaka (Post-digesion effect) is Katu and Karma (Pharmacological activity) are Kaphaghna, Pittaghna Karma. Nimbapatra is Shothghna, Tvagadoshahara, Krimighna, Kushthahara, Vranashodhaka and Vranaropaka.[43]

Modern Pharmacology Action

Anti-inflammatory effect: A study result has confirmed that extract of Azadirachta indica leaves at a dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o, shows significant anti-inflammatory activity in cotton pellet granuloma assay in rats.[44]

Immuno-modulatory effect: Effects of feeding of powdered dry leaves of A. indica (AI) on humoral and cell mediated immune responses, in broilers and results showed that AI (2 g/kg) treatment significantly enhanced the antibody titers against new castle disease virus (NCDV) antigen.[45]

Anti-oxidant effect: A valuable study was carried out to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity in different crude extracts of the leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was chloroform extract > butanol extract > ethyl acetate extract > hexane extract > methanol extract.

Result of the current finding suggested that the chloroform crude extracts of neem could be used as a natural antioxidant.[46]

Wound Healing Effect: A study was made to evaluate the wound healing activity of the extracts of leaves of A. indica and T. cordifolia using excision and incision wound models in Sprague Dawley rats and results revealed that extract of both plants significantly promoted the wound healing activity in both excision and incision wound models.[47]

Triphala

Ayurveda Pharmacology Action: Triphala known as ‘Tridoshic Rasayana’, in Ayurveda shows steady and rejuvenated effects on three major elements of life i.e. Vata (mind/nervous system), Pitta (bile) and Kapha (mucus) in the Charaka Samihita.[48] One among the key ingredients of Triphala is Amalaki. Terminalia chebula Retz and Terminalia bellerica Roxb have a warm energy, while Emblica officinalis Gaertn is cool in nature. Triphala is a balanced mixture of all the three which make it useful as an internal cleansing, detoxifying formula. It's a vital Rasayana and good purgative in Ayurvedic medicine.[49]

Modern Pharmacology Action

Anti-inflammatory effect: In another study studied the efficacy of Triphala on monosodium urate crystal -induced inflammation in mice where significant inhibition in paw volume, levels of lysosomal enzymes, LPO and inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor -alfa was found.[50]

Immuno-modulatory effect: The immunomodulatory activities of Triphala on various functions of neutrophil such as adherence, phagocytosis, avidity index (A.I.) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test were assessed. It was observed that these changes were significantly reduced and prevented by oral administration of Triphala. Neutrophil functions in case of immunized rats and stress induced suppression in the neutrophil functions were significantly prevented by Triphala.[51]

Anti-oxidant effect: Major phenolic compounds such as total phenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids contents of Terminalia chebula extract showed significant antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of DNA damage of plasmid.


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Triphala is also useful for free radical induced disorders such as paracetamol toxicity, heavy metal and radiation.[52]

Wound healing effect: Triphala incorporated collagen sponge was found to increase the thermal stability, water uptake capability, produce faster wound closure, improved regeneration of tissue, increased collagen content at the wound site, and supporting histopathological parameters related to wound healing.[53]

Laxative effect: The study has shown that the Triphala extract has the ability to increase the bowel movement in constipation condition induced by loperamide. Administration of the extract increased the fecal output and increasing the amount of extract increased the bowel movements in rats which in turn increased the total fecal output.[54]

Discussion

In Ayurveda, Samprapti Vighatana refers to the disruption or reversal of the disease pathogenesis by balancing the vitiated Doshas and correcting the underlying tissue damage. In the case of plaque psoriasis, dominated by Kapha and Pitta Dosha, the combination of specific herbs plays a significant role in this process.

Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya are Laghu, Ruksha Gunatmaka, Katu- Madhur Vipaki, Ushna-Sheeta Virya, Tikta and Kashaya Rasapradhana. Karma of Kashaya Ras on Tvaka is Ropana (heals up), Soshana (dries up), Sodhana (purifies), Lekhana (scrapes out unwanted tissue), Asravisodhana (purifies the blood), Kledupsoshana (dries pus and any discharge from skin), Satambhana (stop blood-letting from skin).[55]

Tikta Rasa itself is Kusthaghna (able to cure dermatological afflictions) Vishaghna (antidote to endogenous toxins), Kandughna (anti-pruritic), Twaka-Mamsasathiarakar (stabilizers of skin and muscles).[56] Laghu Guna has properties of Lekhana (scraping of the wound) Varna Ropana (wound healer) and Ruksha has properties of Soshana (dry any discharge or pus), Kathinyakara (dissolve excessive smoothness), Kharsparsha (dry up excess oil).[57] Khadira, Vasa, Nimba, Amalaki are Sheeta Virya and Karma of Ushna Virya on Tvaka is Kledana/Prasanta (moistening), Raktaprasadaka (blood purifier) Rakt-Pitta Shamaka.

Patola, Guduchi, Vibhitaki and Haritaki are Ushna Virya and Karma of Ushna Virya on Tvaka is Dahana (burning sensation), Swedana (induce sweating), Kapha Vatasamaka.[58] Khadira, Vasa, Nimba, Patola are Katu Vipaki and Karma of Katu Vipaka on Tvaka is Ruksha, Kapha Samaka and Guduchi, Amalaki, Vibhitaki and Haritaki are Madhura Vipaki and Karma of Madhura Vipaka on Tvaka is Snigdha, Guru, Vata-Pitta Shamaka.[59-60] Patola and Triphla have laxative properties. Triphala and Guduchi have Rasayana qualities. Rasayana is a type of medicine that improves physical and mental health, prolongs life, stops aging, strengthens memory, and boosts immunity and resistance to disease. Because Rasayana possesses antioxidant and immune-modulating qualities, and Medhya Rasayana (Guduchi) has nootropic qualities that enhance intelligence and brain function.[61] Khadira has constituent like catechins, by virtue of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant effect may be the main constituents responsible for their activity.[62] Azadirachta indica has complex of various constituents including Nimbidin and Nimbin, which prevents redness and swelling thereby retaining the skin moisture.[63]

Conclusion

According to a number of studies that are referenced in this article, most of the drugs of Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya have properties like Tikta, Kashaya Rasa and Ushna Virya which does the Shamana of Kapha and Pitta Dosha. It has properties like Raktashodhana, Kushtaghna and Kandughna and also have immunomodulatory effect, antioxidant, laxative effect, anti-inflammatory property and wound healing properties. Hence Khadira-Triphaladi Kashaya is proven to be beneficial in mitigating the classical signs and symptoms of plaque psoriasis.

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