E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Modern Oncology

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 6 JUNE
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology: Ayurvedic formulations for Arbuda in context of Cancer Management

Singh D1*, Varshney S2, Varshney AB3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.6.21

1* Deepika Singh, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, Delhi, India.

2 Shalini Varshney, Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, Delhi, India.

3 Atul Babu Varshney, Member, Board of Ayurveda, National commission for Indian System of Medicine, Delhi, India.

Introduction: Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, offers a holistic and nature-aligned perspective on health and disease. Arbuda is considered analogous to malignancies, including carcinoma and sarcoma. Cancer, now the leading global cause of death, is increasingly prevalent due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. Ayurveda attributes the etiology of Arbuda and the influence of carcinogenic factors such as Ama, Visha, and Viruddha Ahara, which disrupt cellular homeostasis and immunity. While conventional treatments are effective, their non-selective cytotoxic effects can lead to considerable adverse outcomes. Ayurvedic therapies, particularly herbal formulations, may offer complementary benefits by mitigating treatment-induced side effects and promoting systemic recovery. This study seeks to catalog classical Ayurvedic formulations and single drugs referenced in the context of Arbuda, with the aim of exploring their integrative potential in preventive, palliative, or supportive cancer care.

Materials and Methods: This study involved a systematic review of classical Ayurvedic texts including Bruhatri and Laghutrayi, alongside 25 Nighantus and other Samhits. Electronic databases were searched using keywords "Arbuda".

Results: The review identified 35 formulations and three single drugs indicated for Arbuda. Single classical herbs such as Sadapushpaa, Vanatrapushi, and Upodika have shown potential anticancer activity in recent studies.

Discussion: Ayurvedic management of Arbuda employs a multifaceted approach targeting diverse pathogenic factors. This study emphasizes the potential role of classical formulations and single-drug therapies in integrative oncology and palliative care.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Arbuda, Cancer, Ayurvedic formulations, Sadapushpa, Vanatrapushi, Upodika

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Deepika Singh, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, Delhi, , India.
Email: 		Singh D, Varshney S, Varshney AB, Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology: Ayurvedic formulations for Arbuda in context of Cancer Management. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(6):149-159.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4401/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-05-03 2025-05-22 2025-06-02 2025-06-12 2025-06-22
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Not required 12.32

© 2025 by Singh D, Varshney S, Varshney AB and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)149
Download PDFBack To ArticleIntroductionAim and ObjectivesMaterials and MethodsObservations and ResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

Introduction

Ayurveda is a system of medicine that elucidates intrinsic nature of human beings through natural principles and methods, and provides guidance on maintaining health through natural practices. Ayurveda’s principles are rooted in laws of nature. The health-promoting, disease-preventive, and rejuvenative strategies within Indian medical systems have garnered increasing global attention and recognition. Among numerous pathological conditions documented in Ayurvedic literature, one notable example is Arbuda. In Ayurveda, cancer (encompassing both carcinoma and sarcoma) aligns closely with concept of Arbuda.

Cancer is one of the deadliest challenges spreading drastically in 21st century, has now officially become the most dangerous killer in the world according to the World Health Organization. It is a leading cause of death worldwide, in India, its incidence is about 1.42 million in 2022 which accounted for 9.16 lakh death in year 2022.[1]

With an anticipated 2.3 million new cancer cases (11.7%), female breast cancer has passed lung cancer as the most often recognised malignancy, followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0%), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Although mortality differed by two times more for male then for females.[2]

Approximately one-third of cancer-related mortalities are attributable to lifestyle factors, including tobacco use (both smoking and chewing), elevated body mass index (indicative of obesity and metabolic disorders), alcohol consumption, insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables (resulting in malnutrition and subsequent cellular oxidation), and inadequate physical activity (which contributes to metabolic stress and chronic inflammation). Cancer causing infections, such as human papillomavirus and hepatitis, are responsible for approximately 30% of cancer cases in low and lower middle income countries including India.[3]

Earliest & foremost record could be seen in Atharva Veda, where disease was nomenclature as Apachi (Lymphadenitis). Tumors in Ayurveda are described using terms such as Arbuda (tumour/cancer), Apaci, Granthi etc. Several disease conditions with pain, causative factors, site of origin, signs & symptoms which simulate cancer.

Dushtagranthi (malignant cyst), Dushtavrana (malignant wound), Dustasopha (malignant edema), and Dushtavisarpa (malignant erysipelas) in the breast can be correlated with breast cancer (Seethal P et al., 2019). These terms refer to various forms of swelling or masses that may indicate the presence of a tumor. Arbuda primarily involving Rakta, Maamsa, and Medo Dhatu dysfunction, with both intrinsic (genetic and constitutional) and extrinsic (diet, environment, carcinogens) causes contributing to its pathogenesis. Carcinogens - chemical, physical (radiation), hormonal, and biological (e.g., viruses) - act upon the cellular constitution by disrupting Agni (metabolic fire), Tridosha, Ojas, Manas, and ultimately Prakriti, This altered cell, once detached from its Jeevatma (individual's vital essence), behaves autonomously, proliferates uncontrollably, and invades surrounding tissues initiating dysplasia and malignancy. Unwholesome diets and lifestyle contribute to Vishama-Dhatu (abnormal tissues) formation, which are misidentified as non-self by immune cells, this leads to antigen presentation via HLA/MHC pathways and triggers inappropriate immune responses, including hypersensitivities in genetically predisposed individuals. Arbuda is both a distinct disease and a manifestation of other underlying conditions as Arsha, Grahini Roga, Netra Roga, Gandmala, Apchi, Granthi, Kushta etc.

Therefore, before initiating treatment for Arbuda, it is crucial to thoroughly ascertain its aetiology to ensure precise and effective management. The causative factors of cancer can carcinogens (Ama, Visha, Dushivisha, Viruddaahar, Mana Dushti) directly or as a manifestation of long term tissue inflammation act on an individual's Prakriti (biological constitution), thereby altering the cellular nature and initiating the pathological transformations associated with cancer development.[4]

In Ayurveda treatment of Arbuda (tumor or cancer) encompasses various therapeutic approaches including Shamana, Shodhana (cleansing therapy), surgical interventions, Rasayana therapy and palliative care.

Shamana therapy involves the use of internal and external medications to the specific Dosha imbalances and the stage of the disease. If there is an excess of Doshas, Shodhana therapy is employed, which aims to detoxify and balance body.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)150
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

In cases of external growth, surgical procedures such as Kshara (alkaline applications), Shastra (surgical - Chedanadi) and Agni (cauterization) are used to address the abnormal tissue or tumor.

It is understood that if Arbuda is not adequately treated, there is a risk of recurrence. Therefore, interventions such as Kshara and Agni are crucial in preventing tumor from regrowing as per Acharya Sushrut. Rasayana therapy, which is designed to rejuvenate and nourish body's tissues (Dhatus), helps to replenish those lost during disease process and strengthens immune system to combat disease. This therapy supports overall vitality and enhances body’s natural healing mechanisms. Treatment of Arbuda is also same as advocated for Granthi both do not have much difference in location, aetiology, signs, Dosha, Dushya.

The primary treatment modalities for cancer in conventional medicine encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy employs pharmacological agents to eliminate cancer cells, while radiation therapy utilizes high-energy radiation to target and destroy cancer cells or inhibit their proliferation. However, both treatments can also have detrimental effects on healthy cells, particularly those that divide rapidly. Since chemotherapy drugs affect healthy, rapidly dividing cells, such as those in the hair follicles, gastrointestinal system, and bone marrow, they can induce a broad spectrum of side effects, including hair loss, fatigue, pain, neutropenia, anemia, nausea, and vomiting. These side effects can significantly compromise a patient's quality of life.[5]

Ayurveda treatments, particularly herbal medicine, have gained attention for their ability to complement conventional cancer treatments by helping manage side effects and support recovery. This holistic framework of Ayurveda considers the interdependence of the body, mind, and spirit in the processes of health maintenance, health promotion, and the treatment of diseases. By integrating Ayurveda principles with conventional cancer medical practices, patients can benefit from a more comprehensive and synergistic approach to healthcare.[6] Here is an attempt to collect formulations and single drugs mentioned in context to Arbuda, so that we can use them in integrative, preventive or palliative care.

Aim and Objectives

1. To systematically compile the single drug and formulations indicated for the management of Arbuda (Cancer) as documented in classical Ayurvedic literature.
2. To show the importance of integrative, preventive or palliative care of cancer through Ayurveda.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive and systematic literature review was conducted to explore Ayurvedic formulations and single drugs indicated for Arbuda (tumor/cancer) as described in classical and contemporary sources. The review included both classical texts and modern scientific databases.

Primary data was collected from authoritative literature, including Brihattrayi (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Samgraha/Ashtanga Hridaya) and Laghutrayi (Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhavaprakasha, and Madhava Nidana). Additionally, twenty-five e-Nighantus ( lexicons) were consulted, which included: Abhidhanamanjari, Abhidhanaratn-amala, Amarakosha, Ashtanganighantu, Kaiyadeva-nighantu, Camatkaranighantu, Dravyagunasang-raha, Dhanvantarinighantu, Nighantushesha, Pary-ayaratnamala, Bhavaprakashanighantu, Madanapa-lanighantu, Madanadinighantu, Madhavadravya-guna, Rajanighantu, Rajavallabhanighantu, Laghuni-ghantu, Shabdacandrika, Shivakosha, Siddhama-ntra, Siddhasaranighantu, Shodhalanighantu, Sous-hrutanighatu, Hrdudayadipakanighantu. In addition to these, classical compilations such as Sahasrayogam, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, and Chakradatta were also thoroughly examined.

A total of 33 polyherbal formulations and 3 single drugs cited with reference to Arbuda were identified and extracted based on their mention in the above texts.

In parallel, a structured search of electronic biomedical literature databases was undertaken. Online databases including PubMed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, BMC, MEDSCAPE, and SCOPEMED were searched using keywords such as “Arbuda”, “Cancer”, “Sadabahar”, “Vanatrapu”, and “Upodika”. These keywords were also combined using Boolean operators (AND, OR) and their corresponding MeSH terms to expand the search scope and ensure comprehensive coverage.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)151
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

Additionally, relevant books including Unveiling the Truth in Ayurveda, and official websites of organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) were accessed for supplementary information.

All identified sources from digital databases were initially screened by reviewing their titles and abstracts. Articles deemed potentially relevant were further assessed through full-text analysis. Only those sources providing direct or contextual reference to the management of Arbuda in Ayurveda were included for detailed review. The final selection of literature underwent a rigorous evaluation to ensure scientific relevance, authenticity, and alignment with the review objectives.

This entire review and data collection process was conducted in March 2023.

Observations and Results

An in-depth analysis of classical literature reveals a wide spectrum of references pertaining to the diagnosis and therapeutic management of Arbuda (tumor/neoplasm). Among the Brihattrayi, the Charaka Samhita[7] provides significant insight into the management of Arbuda, incorporating both Shamana (palliative) and Shodhana (purificatory) treatment modalities. Notably, two specific formulations indicated for Arbuda are documented within the text and are listed in Table no. 1. The Sushruta Samhita, known for its surgical orientation and detailed pathological descriptions, presents a comprehensive framework for the management of Arbuda. It emphasizes the importance of Dosha-specific approaches, thereby advocating individualized treatment protocols based on the predominant vitiated Doshas. This text serves as a foundational reference for understanding the etiopathogenesis and management strategies for tumors from a perspective. Within the Ashtanga Samgraha,[8] four formulation specifically indicated for Arbuda has been identified and is presented in Table no. 2.

This text, which synthesizes therapeutic principles from earlier treatises, contributes to pharmacological understanding of Arbuda treatment in broader cont. of systemic care. From Laghutrayi, Sharangadhara Samhita[9] contributes four formulation indicated for Arbuda as listed in Table 3.

These formulations emphasize the use of readily available herbs and simpler preparations, making them significant in practical clinical application. Among the classical compilations of compound formulations, Sahasrayogam[10] documents four formulations with specific indications for Arbuda, included in Table no. 4. Similarly, the Bhaishajya Ratnavali,[11] a renowned compendium of therapeutics, enlists twenty three formulations directed towards Arbuda treatment, which are enumerated in Table no. 5. These texts are critical for their detailed dosage, preparation methods, and therapeutic indications. The Cakradatta,[12] another pivotal text in pharmaco-therapeutics, provides the most extensive reference among these sources, documenting fifteen formulations associated with the treatment of Arbuda. These are systematically catalogued in Table no. 6 and reflect a broad therapeutic spectrum encompassing internal medications and supportive measures. Furthermore, contemporary scholar Prof. Priyavrat Sharma[13] has highlighted two medicinal plants with relevance to Arbuda, which are specified in Table no. 7. Among these, three single herbs - Sadapushpaa, Vanatrapushi, and Upodika - are explicitly mentioned in relation to cancer in literature and have demonstrated therapeutic potential in contemporary research.

Arbuda may also arise as an advanced complication of certain chronic diseases. The revised pathological process, as previously described with new observations, is represented in the following flow diagram described in figure 1 to illustrate these interrelationships of disease with Arbuda in advanced stage. In such instances, specific formulations may provide targeted therapeutic effects by acting on the Adhikarana (pathological site) with enhanced precision. As in a patient with a chronic dermatological condition such as Kushta (skin disease), the subsequent development of malignancy (Arbuda) may be managed using formulations such as Khadirarishta, Panchatikta Ghrita Guggulu, Rudra Taila, or Kandarpasara Taila. These formulations have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in addressing both primary dermatological condition and its malignant transformation, due to their dual-action pharmacodynamics. Based on analysis, it can be postulated that certain diseases described in classical literature - such as Kushta (skin disorders), Rajayakshma (a condition analogous to tuberculosis),


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)152
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

Netra Roga (ocular disorders), Visha (toxicity/poisoning), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis-like condition) may exhibit pathological features or progression patterns that, in advanced stages, share similarities with those observed in cancer (Arbuda). This observation warrants further in-depth investigation to explore potential correlations between these disease entities and neoplastic conditions. Such research could offer valuable insights into the early diagnosis and management of cancer from a perspective. The classical formulations used in Arbuda associated with each of these conditions have been compiled and are presented in Table 8, providing a foundational reference for future exploratory and clinical studies. In classical literature, several formulations have been explicitly indicated for the management of Arbuda (a term broadly correlating with tumor or neoplastic growths in contemporary medical understanding). These traditional remedies have been employed for centuries, grounded in the principles of Doshic balance, purification, and tissue rejuvenation. Among the prominent formulations, Chandraprabha Vati, Kanchanara Guggulu, and Svarjikadi Lepa are frequently cited for their therapeutic efficacy in the context of Arbuda.

Single medicinal plants such as Vanatrapushi (Podophyllum hexandrum Royle), a medicinal plant native to the lower Himalayan region, exhibits notable anticancer activity primarily due to its high lignan content, particularly podophyllotoxin.[14] This compound inhibits microtubule assembly, induces apoptosis in cancer cells, and demonstrates efficacy against lung, testicular, ovarian, and breast cancers.[15]

Upodika (Basella rubra Linn.), commonly known as Malabar spinach or Red vine spinach, has demonstrated promising anticancer potential attributed to its rich composition of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, and betalains. Methanolic extracts of B. rubra have exhibited cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines, notably Hep3B and HeLa, with IC₅₀ values of 47.61±3.23 µg/mL and 70.29±2.87 µg/mL, respectively. In addition to its cytotoxic properties, the plant's extracts possess significant antioxidant activity, which may contribute to the inhibition of cancer cell growth and proliferation, alongside notable antimicrobial effects against various pathogens.[16]

Sadapushpaa (Lochnera rosea Linn.), commonly known as Catharanthus roseus, has been utilized in Ayurvedic practice for centuries, long before conventional science recognized its therapeutic potential. Recent pharmacological research has confirmed that C. roseus possesses significant anticancer activity, primarily attributed to its rich content of bioactive alkaloids. Key anticancer compounds isolated from this plant include vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, and vindesine.[17] Vinblastine is employed in treatment of Hodgkin's disease, testicular germ cell cancer, and various hematologic malignancies through its mechanism of inhibiting cell division and reducing proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. Vincristine has demonstrated efficacy against acute leukemia, lymphomas, and other cancers by binding specifically to tubulin, thereby arresting cell division and promoting apoptosis in malignant cells. Similarly, vinorelbine is utilized in management of solid tumors, lymphomas, and lung cancers, while vindesine is primarily indicated in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Furthermore, extracts of C. roseus have exhibited potent antioxidant activity, which contributes to reducing oxidative stress, a known factor in carcinogenesis.[18]

Given historical significance and pharmacological potential demonstrated by C. roseus, it is imperative that similar rigorous scientific investigations be conducted on other single medicinal plants and classical formulations described in Ayurvedic literature with respect to Arbuda. Systematic experimentation and clinical validation of these could contribute substantially to development of effective anticancer therapeutics. Such research may also facilitate creation of formulations aimed at prevention, supportive care, and palliative treatment for cancer patients, thereby enhancing their quality of life and offering complementary avenues alongside conventional therapies.

Table 1: Formulation mentioned in Charak Samhita.

SNFormulations (Yoga)Adhikara (Main Indications)ApplicationKalpana (Form)ReferencePage No.
1.AbhayarishtaArsha chikitsaInternalArishtaCh. Chi 14/ 143533
2.Mahaagandhahasteenam AgadahVisha chikitsaInternal
External – on skin, Anjana		Panak, LepaCh. Chi 23/ 86765

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)153
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

Table 2: Formulation mentioned in Ashtanga Samgraha.

SNFormulations (Yoga)Adhikara (Main Indications)ApplicationKalpana (Form)ReferencePage No.
1.AbhayarishtaArsha ChikitsaInternalArishtaAs. Sa. Chi 10/19385

Table 3: Formulation mentioned in Sarngadhara Samhita.

SNFormulations (Yoga)Adhikara (Main Indications)ApplicationKalpana (Form)ReferencePage No.
1.Chandraprabha VatiArsha Roga Chikitsa
Netra Roga
Arbuda Roga		InternalVatiS.S. Madhayam Khanda 7/46201
2.Kanchanar GugguluGalagandadi Roga ChikitsaInternalVatiS.S. Madhayam Khanda 7/99207
3.Apchinashak Lepa (2)Arbuda RogaExternalLepaS.S.
Uttar Khand Khanda, 11/100		259
4.KhadirarishtaKushta Roga ChikitsaInternalArishtaS.S. Madhayam Kahand 10/ 66259

Table 4: Formulation mentioned in Sahasrayogam.

SNYoga (Formulations)Adhikara (Main Indications)ApplicationKalpana (Form)ReferencePage No.
1.Panchatiktaa GhritagugguluKushta Roga ChikitsaInternalGhrita/ChurnaS.Y. Ghrita Kalpna60
2.KhadirarishtaKushta Roga Chikitsa
Arbuda Roga		InternalArishtaS.Y. Arishta Prakarana235
3.Gandira RasayanaArbudaInternalLehaS.Y.
Leha Prakarana		287
4.Brihat Madhusnuhi RasayanaArbudaInternalLehaS.Y.
Leha Prakarana		292

Table 5: Formulation mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali.

SNFormulations (Yoga)Adhikara (Main Indications)ApplicationKalpana (Form)ReferencePage No.
1.Chandraprabha VatiArsha Roga Chikitsa
Netra Roga
Arbuda Roga		InternalVatiB.R. 9/226322
2.Agni GhritaAgnimandya ChikitsaInternalGhritaB.R. 10/287359
3.Lavangadi ChurnaRajyakshma ChikitsaInternalChurnaB.R. 14/25412
4.TryambakabhramSwarabhedachikitsaInternalVatiB.R. 17/11476
5.Nidigdhik AvalehSwarabheda ChikitsaInternalLehaB.R. 17/33477
6.Amavatari VatiAamvatchikitsaInternalVatiB.R. 29/69619
7.Dravakarso Mahan (Iii)Plihayakrida RogachikitsaInternalRasaB.R. 41/212786
8.Trivritadi GhritaVriddhi Roga ChikitsaInternalGhritaB.R. 43/99819
9.Matravahakketa LepaGalagandadi RogachikitsaExternalLepaB.R. 44/41827
10.Svarjikadi LepaGalagand Gandmala Apchi Granthi Arbuda ChikitsaExternalLepaB.R. 44/42827
11.Arbudhara LepaGalagandadi Roga ChikitsaExternalLepaB.R. 44/55829
12.Raudra RasaGalagandadi Roga ChikitsaInternalRasaB.R. 44/60829
13.Kanchanar GugguluGalagandadi Roga ChikitsaInternalVatiB.R. 44/68830
114.Gunjadi TailaGalagand Gandmala Apchi Granthi Arbuda ChikitsaInternalTailB.R. 44/81831
15.Nityananda RasaShilipadchikitsaInternalVatiB.R. 45/35836
16.Saureshwar GhritamShilipad ChikitsaInternalGhritaB.R. 45/47837
17.PanchatiktaaghritagugguluKushta Roga ChikitsaInternalGhrita/ChurnaB.R. 54/236904
18.Rudra TailamKushta Roga ChikitsaExternalTailB.R. 54/333912
19.Kandarpasara TailamKushta Roga ChikitsaExternalTailB.R. 54/362913
20.KhadirarishtaKushta Roga ChikitsaInternalArishtaB.R. 54/369913
21.Triphala Ghanghritam MahatNetra Roga ChikitsaInternalGhritaB.R.1013
22.Triphala GhritamNetra Roga ChikitsaInternalGhritaB.R. 64/2531014
23.UpodikarasGalagandadi Roga ChikitsaInternal
External		Lepa,
Upnaha		B.R.
44/53-54		828

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)154
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

Table 6: Formulation mentioned in Cakradatta.

SNFormulations (Yoga)Adhikara (Main Indications)ApplicationKalpana (Form)ReferencePage No.
1.Agni GhritaAgnimandya ChikitsaInternalGhritaCd. 6/48-5196
2.Lavangadi ChurnaRajyakshma ChikitsaInternalChurnaCd. 10/19-21126
3.Saureshwar GhritamShilipad ChikitsaInternalGhritaCd. 42/29354
4.Svarjikadi LepaGalagand Gandmala Apchi Granthi Arbuda ChikitsaExternalLepaCd. 41/46348
5.Gunjadi TailaGalagand Gandmala Apchi Granthi Arbuda ChikitsaInternalTailCd. 41/37346
6.Arbudhara LepaGalagandadi Roga ChikitsaExternalLepaCd. 41/59350
7.Haridradi LepaGalagand Gandmala Apchi Granthi Arbuda ChikitsaExternalLepaCd. 41/61350
8.UpodikaGalagand Gandmala Apchi Granthi Arbuda ChikitsaExternalLepa, WashCd. 41/57 -58350
9.Panchatiktaa GhritagugguluKushta Roga ChikitsaInternalGhrita/ChurnaCd. 50/118-121404
10.Brhat Vasadi QuathNetra RogaInternalQuathCd. 59/48-50489
11.Sukha VartiNetra RogaExternalVartiCd. 59/108-109497
12.Vyosadya VarttiNetra RogaExternalVartiCd. 59/119498
13.Chandraprabha VatiArsha Roga Chikitsa
Netra Roga
Arbuda Roga		InternalVatiCd.499
14.Nripavallabha Tail-GhritaNetra RogaExternal
Internal		Tail-GhritaCd. 59/191-197507
15.Siva GudikaRasayanaInternalVatiCd. 66/172-193592

Table 7: Medicinal plants mentioned as single drug in Priyavrat Sharma in Arbuda

SNMedicinal PlantsLatin Name/ FamilyAdhikara (Main Indications)RasaGunaViryaVipakaActive ingredientPage No.
1.SadapushpaaLochnera rosea Linn.
Apocynaceae		Rakta ArbudaKashaya,
Tikta		Laghu,RukshaUshnaKatuVincaleukoblastine, Vincristine and Leurosine831
2.VanatrapushiPodophyllum hexandrum Royle
Berberidae		Rakta ArbudaTikt,
Katu		Laghu,Ruksha,TikshnaUshnaKatuPodophyllotoxin833

Table 8: Disease-wise classification of formulations indicated for the management of Arbuda.

SNDiseaseFormulation / Single drug
1. KushtaKhadirarishta
Panchatikta Ghrita Guggul
Rudra Taila
Kandarpasara Taila
2. RajyakshmachikitsaLavangadi Churna
3. Netra rogaChandraprabha Vati
Triphala Ghrita
Triphala Ghan Ghrita Mahat
Brihat Vasadi kwath
Sukha Varti
Vyosadya varti
Nripavallabha Tail-Ghrita
4. VishaMahaagandhahasteenamagadah
5. ArshaAbhayarishta
Chandraprabha Vati
6. Grahini RogaShrinripathivallabharas
7. Agnimandya ChikitsaAgnigrita
8. Swarabheda ChikitsaTryambakabhram
Nidigdhik Avaleh
9. AamvatchikitsaAmvatari Gutika
10.Plihayakrida RogachikitsaDravakarso Mahan (III)
11.Vriddhi RogaTrivritadi Ghrita

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)155
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology
12.Galagandadi RogaMatravahakketa Lepa
Swarjikadi Lepa
Upodikarasa
Arbudharau Lepa
Raudra Rasa
Kanchanar Guggulu
Gunjagham Taila
Haridra Lepa
13.GandmalaSvarjikadi Lepa
Arbudaharo Lepa
Haridra Lepa
Gunjadya Taila
Upodika
14.ApchiSvarjikadi Lepa
Arbudaharo Lepa
Haridra Lepa
Apchinashak Lepa (2)
Gunjadya Tailam
Upodika
15.GranthiSvarjikadi Lepa
Arbudaharo Lepa
Haridra Lepa
Gunjadya Taila
Upodika
16.ArbudaChandraprabha Vati
Kanchanar gugglu
Svarjikadi Pralepa
Arbudaharo Lepa
Haridra Lepa
Apchinashak Lepa (2)
Gunjadya Taila
Sadapushpaa
Vanatrapushi
Upodika

jaims_4401_01.JPG
Figure 1: Flow diagram of pathology of Cancer (Arbuda)


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)156
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

Discussion

Cancer is a multifactorial disease influenced by various risk factors that converge on common pathological pathways, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, epigenetic alterations, and chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress, often exacerbated by environmental exposures, induces genetic mutations contributing to malignancies such as colon, lung, and breast cancer.[19]

Dietary habits, particularly those high in processed foods and sugars, promote systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, elevating the risk of colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancers.[20] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sun exposure directly damages DNA in skin cells, leading to skin cancers such as melanoma.[21] Persistent inflammation from conditions like gastritis or inflammatory bowel disease can initiate tumorigenesis in related organs.[22] Chronic diseases - including diabetes, obesity, and viral infections such as HPV and HBV - further compound cancer risk through metabolic dysregulation and immune.[23] Additionally, lifestyle and environmental exposures, such as smoking, toxins, and inherited genetic mutations, significantly contribute to carcinogenesis.[24] Understanding the interplay among these factors is essential for informing comprehensive cancer prevention and therapeutic strategies. Classical texts present a comprehensive pharmacopeia for the management of Arbuda (tumors/cancer), encompassing internal medications (Abhyantara Chikitsa), external therapies (Bahya Chikitsa), and detoxification procedures (Shodhana). Key internal formulations such as Abhayarishta has demonstrated potential as a supportive therapeutic agent in the management of anorectal and other malignancies. Its pharmacological actions, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, may contribute to oncological benefits such as enhanced immune surveillance, reduction of oxidative stress, and attenuation of chronic inflammation.[25] Kanchanar Guggulu comprising Bauhinia variegata and Commiphora mukul, Preclinical studies on individual constituents support these claims; Bauhinia variegata has demonstrated anticancer activity against Dalton's ascitic lymphoma in murine models,[26] while Commiphora mukul has shown notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in experimental settings.[27]

Chandraprabha Vati demonstrated antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, which may contribute to its potential anticancer effects. Its rich phytochemical profile suggests a broad spectrum of pharmacological actions relevant to cancer prevention and management. Studies have reported its anti-hyperglycemic effects and the ability to normalize lipid profiles in diabetic rat models, indicating systemic metabolic benefits.[28] Its antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential has been highlighted in recent evaluations of therapies in oncology, suggesting its value as an adjunct in integrative cancer care.[29]

Shivagutika has demonstrated significant anti-breast cancer potential by inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. In vitro studies revealed that the dichloromethane extract of Shivagutika effectively suppressed the growth of various human breast cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468, highlighting its potential as a complementary therapeutic agent in breast cancer management.[30] Triphala, as a constituent of Triphala Ghrita exhibits cytotoxic effects on multiple cancer cell lines through the induction of apoptosis by modulating key signalling pathways such as MAPK/ERK and Wnt/β-Catenin. Recent studies have shown that Triphala inhibits pancreatic tumor growth by inducing apoptosis.[31] These findings underscore the need for further integrative and clinical research to validate the role of classical formulations in cancer therapeutics.

External applications such as Arbudahara Lepa, Haridradi Lepa, and Gunjadi Taila offer localized therapeutic benefits through anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects, particularly in palliative care and dermatological malignancies.

In present era, Ayurvedic approach to cancer management also emphasizes importance of diet (Ahara) & lifes. regimen (Vihara) in complementing conventional therapies. An Ayurvedic diet, rich in natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and immunomodulatory foods is considered beneficial in reducing oxidative stress and supporting body's innate defence mechanisms against cancer Mindful dietary practices aim to restore internal balance and enhance tissue resilience progression and minimize formation of Ama, Visha, Vishama Dhatu, thereby contributing to overall health maintenance during cancer treatment.[32]


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)157
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

In addition to dietary measures, Ayurvedic regimens promoting daily routines (Dinacharya), seasonal practices (Ritucharya), and mind-body interventions like yoga and meditation have been associated with improved quality of life, psychological well-being, and reduced side effects in cancer patients. Recent studies indicate that integrating Ayurvedic principles with modern oncological treatments may offer a holistic framework for cancer care, addressing both the physical and emotional dimensions of the disease.[33]

Integrative potential with modern oncology includes mitigation of chemotherapy/radiation-induced side effects, enhancement of therapeutic efficacy, and immune support. Integrative medicine research has demonstrated that adjunctive therapy with formulations significantly attenuates the toxic adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Furthermore, the incorporation of principles into oncological care has been explored for its potential to mitigate treatment-related side effects, improve patients' overall quality of life, and exert anti-tumor effects.[34]

Conclusion

This study highlights the potential of formulations in cancer care, emphasizing a holistic approach that aligns with modern oncology principles. By bridging ancient wisdom and contemporary science, integrative oncology can offer more comprehensive, patient-centered care. Future research should prioritize elucidation of underlying biological pathways, clinical trials, and interdisciplinary collaborations to scientifically validate and refine these traditional therapies for broader global acceptance.

References

1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229–63. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

2. Wu Z, Xia F, Lin R. Global burden of cancer and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2021: a systematic analysis for the GBD 2021. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17(1):119. [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

3. Ames BN, Gold LS, Willett WC. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(12):5258–65. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

4. Rajkumar KC. Unveiling the truth in Ayurveda. 1st ed. Trivandrum: Vision Grafix; 2017. p.144–9 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

5. Redd WH, Montgomery GH, DuHamel KN. Behavioral intervention for cancer treatment side effects. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(11):810–23. [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

6. Trimble EL, Rajaraman P. Integrating traditional and allopathic medicine: an opportunity to improve global health in cancer. JNCI Monogr. 2017;(52):lgx011. [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

7. Tripathi B. Charak Samhita. Vol. 2. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbhartii Prakashan; 2009 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

8. Murthy Srikantha KR. Ashtanga Samgraha. 5th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbhartii Prakashan; 2005. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

9. Tripathi B. Sarngadhara Samhita. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbhartii Prakashan; 2010. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

10. Nishteswar V. Sahasrayogam. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series; 2023. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

11. Das G. Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Prakashan; 2010. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

12. Sharma PV. Cakradatta. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbhartii Prakashan; 1994. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

13. Sharma PV. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Vol. 1. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbhartii Prakashan; 2018 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

14. Giri A, Narasu ML. Production of podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum hexandrum: a potential natural product for clinically useful anticancer drugs. Cytotechnology. 2000;34:17–26. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

15. Aftab J, Mubeen T, Nasim A, Sajjad A, Qamrosh M, Zafar E, et al. Study of anticancer and antibacterial activities of Podophyllum hexandrum as natural curatives. Adv Complement Altern Med. 2020;5(2). [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)158
Deepika S et al. Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Oncology

16. Ahmed F, Urooj A. In vitro hypoglycemic effects of different solvent extracts of Basella rubra L. fruits and leaves. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011;7(26):130–4 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

17. Johnson IS, Wright HF, Svoboda GH, Vlantis J. Antitumor principles derived from Vinca rosea Linn I. Vincaleukoblastine and leurosine. Cancer Res. 1960;20(7):1016–22 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

18. Sadaphal N, Gupta C. An updated review on Catharanthus roseus: its traditional and modern use for humankind. Der Pharma Chemica. 2022;14(8):48–54. [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

19. Kowluru RA, Kowluru A. Oxidative stress and cancer. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018;63(2):99–108. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

20. Turati F, Rossi M, Pelucchi C, et al. Dietary risk factors for cancer. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3743. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

21. American Cancer Society. Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics. 2022. Available from: https://www. cancer.org/cancer/skin-cancer.html [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

22. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, et al. Cancer-related inflammation. Cancer Res. 2019;79(11):2455–66. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

23. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Diabetes. In: IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention. 2018. Available from: [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

24. Wu HC, Santella R. Genetic predisposition and environmental toxins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20(10):547–61. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

25. Singh N, Gupta S, Sharma R. Immunomodulatory effects of Abhayarishta in experimental models. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11(2):101–8. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

26. Rajkapoor B, Jayakar B, Murugesh N. Anticancer activity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. against Dalton's ascitic lymphoma. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003;55(8):1147–52 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

27. Francis JA, Srinivasan BP, Abraham A. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Gugulipid in rats. Biofactors. 2004;21(1–4):175–8. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

28. Wanjari MM, Mishra S, Dey YN, Sharma D, Gaidhani SN, Jadhav AD. Antidiabetic activity of Chandraprabha vati. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016;7(3):144–50. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

29. Palanivel V, Indu BH, Fakruddin SB, et al. Evaluation of pharmacological activity of Chandraprabha Vati on serum of albino Wistar strain rats. Int J Res Phytochem Pharmacol Sci. 2019;1(1):28–38. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

30. Pushpa VH, Kuruburu MG, Jayanthi MK, et al. Bioactive profiling and evaluation of anti-proliferative and anti-cancerous properties of Shivagutika, an Indian polyherbal formulation. Front Chem. 2023;11:1195209. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

31. Shi Y, Sahu RP, Srivastava SK. Triphala inhibits pancreatic tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:294. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

32. Balachandran P, Govindarajan R. Cancer—an ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacol Res. 2005;51(1):19–30. [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

33. Manohar PR. Cancer research in Ayurveda: current status and future directions. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(2):83–8. [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

34. Dhruva A, Wu HC, et al. Integrating ayurvedic medicine into cancer research programs part 2: ayurvedic herbs and research opportunities. Available from: https://www. ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

Disclaimer / Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of Journals and/or the editor(s). Journals and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(6)159