E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Amorphophallus campanulatus

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 5 MAY
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Therapeutic Potential of Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus): A Systematic Review Integrating Classical Ayurvedic and Contemporary Scientific Evidences

Saha S1, Chowdhury K2, Rao MV3*
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.5.22

1 Soumyadip Saha, Junior Resident, Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Kanchan Chowdhury, Assistant Professor, Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3* Mangalagowri V Rao, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Introduction: Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus) known as Jimikand or Elephant Foot Yam, a tuberous plant, has been traditionally utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hemorrhoidal properties.

Objectives: To systematically review the therapeutic potential of Surana through a combined lens of Ayurvedic texts and modern pharmacological evidence, with a focus on its efficacy in gastrointestinal, hepatic, and inflammatory disorders.

Methods: A systematic review of classical Ayurvedic texts, contemporary research articles, & e Samhitas was done. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and traditional Ayurvedic compendiums like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, Astanga Hridya, Bhaisajya Ratnavali etc were explored for relevant information. Studies published between 2000 and 2024 were considered. Inclusion criteria were Ayurvedic texts referencing Surana's therapeutic applications and modern research evaluating its pharmacological actions. Duplicates and studies lacking relevance to key therapeutic domains were excluded. The quality of modern studies was assessed using a simplified GRADE-based approach.

Results: Surana is described in Ayurveda for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and rejuvenative properties. It is indicated in the treatment of piles, abdominal disorders, and respiratory conditions. Modern pharmacological studies corroborate these traditional uses, highlighting its anti-hemorrhoidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Clinical trials have shown promising results in managing hemorrhoids and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Discussions: The therapeutic potential of Surana as documented in Ayurveda is matched with modern scientific findings. The integration of traditional knowledge with contemporary research will enhance the understanding of its medicinal benefits. Comparative analysis was performed to highlight the alignment and discrepancies between traditional Ayurvedic knowledge and modern scientific findings.

Conclusions: Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus) holds significant promise in Ayurvedic medicine. Bridging traditional and modern knowledge can lead to its effective and safe application for its uses.

Keywords: Arshaghna, Jimikand, Krimighna, Surana, Udarshula

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Mangalagowri V Rao, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Saha S, Chowdhury K, Rao MV, Therapeutic Potential of Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus): A Systematic Review Integrating Classical Ayurvedic and Contemporary Scientific Evidences. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(5):154-160.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4358/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-04-13 2025-04-25 2025-05-07 2025-05-17 2025-05-27
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© 2025 by Saha S, Chowdhury K, Rao MV and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Soumyadip S et al. Therapeutic Potential of Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus)

Introduction

Surana scientifically known as Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume is an important herbaceous tuberous crop plant valued for its medicinal properties deeply rooted in Samhitas. Surana, scientifically classified under the Division- Angiosperms, Class- Monocots, Order- Alismatales, Family- Araceae, Genus -Amorphophallus, and identified as the species- Amorphophallus campanulatus (with the synonym A. paeoniifolius), is a fascinating plant known for its distinctive large tuber and unique flowering structure. This review aims to comprehensively explore pharmacological properties, traditional uses of Surana mentioned in different classical Ayurvedic texts. Amorphophallus campanulatus known as Elephant foot yam is generally a crop originated in South-east Asia.[1] In Bharat, local name of this herb is- ‘Surana’ or ‘Jimikand’. Elephant foot yam is a remunerative and profitable stem tuber crop. The crop is gaining popularity due to its shade tolerance, easiness in cultivation, high productivity, less incidence of pests and diseases, steady demand and reasonably good price.[2] This Tuber is consumed by a large number of people in our country as vegetables. In Ayurveda, Surana is used to cure various diseases like- Arshas, Gulma, Pleeharogas etc.

Methodology

Systematic review was conducted to gather comprehensive information on medicinal properties & uses of Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus). Review involved searching various classical Ayurvedic texts & modern scientific databases using specific keywords related to plant.

Classical Ayurvedic texts:

e-Samhitas:

  • e-Sushrut: The keyword ‘Surana’ was used, yielding 1 match.
  • e-Astanga Hridaya: The keyword ‘Surana’ was used, yielding 2 matches.
  • e-Nighantus: The keyword ‘Surana’ was used, yielding 20 matches.

Modern Scientific Databases:

Google Scholar:

  • Search term ‘Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume’ yielded 974 matches.

  • Search term ‘researches on Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume’ yielded 977 matches.
  • Search term ‘Review of Amorphophallus campanulatus’ yielded 5500 matches.

PubMed:

  • The keyword ‘Amorphophallus campanulatus’ was used, yielding 5 matches.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Studies and articles that directly discuss the medicinal properties, uses, and therapeutic applications of Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus).
  • References from classical Ayurvedic texts that provide insight into traditional uses and formulations involving Surana.
  • Peer-reviewed journal articles and reviews from scientific databases that provide experimental data, clinical studies, or comprehensive reviews on the plant.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Articles that do not focus on the medicinal aspects of Amorphophallus campanulatus.
  • Studies lacking relevance to the key themes of Krimighna (anthelmintic), Arshaghna (Anti-haemorrhoidal), properties or other therapeutic uses of the plant.
  • Duplicates and non-English language articles without available translations.

Study Selection & Data Extraction:

Full texts were reviewed for eligibility. Data were extracted on study type, extract used, therapeutic indication, and outcomes.

Quality Assessment:

Included studies were assessed using a simplified GRADE-based approach (assessing study design, relevance, and consistency of results). Ayurvedic references were documented according to frequency and agreement across texts.

PRISMA Flowchart:

Identification:

  • Records identified through database searching (n = 754)

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  • Additional records from Ayurvedic texts/manuals (n = 38)

Screening:

  • Records after duplicates removed (n = 732)
  • Records screened (titles/abstracts): 732
  • Records excluded: 658

Eligibility:

  • Full-text articles assessed: 74
  • Full-text articles excluded (not therapeutic/irrelevant): 42

Included:

  • Studies included in qualitative synthesis: 32

Results

Properties of Surana as per Classics

The medicinal virtues of this plant are mentioned in most of the Ayurvedic literature viz. Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Bhav Prakash, Madanapala Nighantu, Keyadev Nighantu etc. The properties of Surana have been presented in tabular form as follows.

Surana PropertiesAstanga Hrdaya[3]Astanga Samgraha[4]Sushrut Samhita[5]Bhav Praksha[6]Amarkosha[7]Astannga Nighantu[8]
RasaNilNilIshat kasaya,
Katu		Kasaya
Katu		NilNil
GunaVishada LaghuVishada
Laghu		Ruksha
Vistambhi
Guru		Laghu
Ruksha
Vistambhi
Vishada		NilNil
KarmaDeepana
Kaphaghna
Ruchya		Agnideeptikara
Ruchikara
Slesmanasana
Tridoshakara		Kapha-Vata kara,
Pittakara		Deepan
Kandukrita
Ruchya		NilNil
RogaghnataArshaghnaArshanashakArshaghnaArshaghnaArshaghna
IndicationNilNilNilKaphaja-Arsha Pleeharoga
Gulma		NilNil

Surana PropertiesKeyadev Nighantu[9]Dravyaguna Samgraha[10]Dhanwantari Nighantu [11]Nighantusesha[12]Madanapala Nighantu [13]Shabda Chandrika [14]Hridaya Dipaka Nighantu[15]
RasaKatu
Kasaya		NilNilNilKatu
Kasaya		NilNil
GunaLaghu
Ruksha
Vishada
Vistambhi		Vishada
Laghu		NilNilRuksha
Laghu		NilNil
VipakaKatuNilNilNilNilNilNil
PravabaArshaghnaNilNilArshaghnaNilNilNil
KarmaDeepana
Ruchya,
Vatakapha hara,
Valsa-gudakeela hara, Raktapittaprakopak,		Deepan,
Ruchya,
Kaphaghna		NilKandujanakDeepana,
Kandukrita
Vistambhi
Vishada
Ruchya
Kaphavatahara,		NilNil
RogaghnataArshaghnaNilArshaghnaArshaghatiNilArshaghnaNil
IndicationGulma, Sthaulya hara,NilNilNilGudamyahara,
Kaphaja Arsha		NilArsha

Nutritive value of Surana[16]

MoistureProteinFatMineralsCrude fibresCarbohydrates
Yam ordinary69.91.40.11.61.026.0
Yam wild70.42.50.31.41.024.4
Yam elephant78.71.20.10.80.818.4

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Energy (kcal)Calcium (mg)Phosphorus (mg)Iron (mg)
Yam elephant7950340.6
Yam ordinary11135201.19
Yam wild11020741.0

MgNaKCuMnZnCrSClMo
Yam ordinary179.02370.120.120.450.016---
Yam wild3411.04500.16---3529-

Yam (Ordinary)Essential amino acids (mg/gm N)
Arginine480
Histidine120
Lysine280
Tryptophan70
Phenylalanine300
Tyrosine200
Methionine100
Threonine220
Leucine400
Isoleucine230
Valine290

Approximate total Ng / 100 gm = 0.22g

Total Dietary FibreInsoluble Dietary FibreSoluble Dietary Fibre
Yam4.2g/100g of edible portion3.2g/100g of edible portion1g/100g of edible portion

Oxalic acid (mg / 100gms)Phytin P (mg / 100gms)
Yam (Wild)157
Yam (elephant)-4

Phytochemical Constituents from different part of A. campanulatus with Pharmacological activities[17]

Name of Chemical constituentParts used of PlantPharmacological Activities
AmblyoneRootAntibacterial, Antifungal
Beta sitosterolTuber/CornCurative
Hexadecanoic acidTuberAntifungal
Oleic acidTuber-
PhenolTuber-
PolysaccharidesLeaves & CornHepatoprotective
SalviasperanolRootAntibacterial, Antifungal, Cytotoxic
Vitamin ETuber/Corn-
3,5 DiacetyltambulinLeaves & CornAntibacterial, Antifungal
1,3,5 benzenetriolTuber-
CampesterolTuber/CornCurative, Protective

Surana as an ingredient in medicines:

Suranadi Lepa (Bhaisajya Ratnavali 9/12), Surana Pindi (Bhaisajya Ratnavali 9/57); Salpa Surana Modaka (Bhaisajya Ratnavali 9/63);

Man Suranadya Lauha (Bhaisajya Ratnavali 9/212);Brihat Surana Modaka (Bhaisajya Ratnavali 9/65-72); Surana Putapaka (A.Hrd.Chi 8/156) ; Surana Modaka (A.Hrd.Chi 8/157) ; Surana Vataka (Sa.Ma.Kha 7/28-33).

Surana as an ingredient in food preparations:

Classical preparations:

Surana Modaka

Traditional Preparations:

  • Surana Masiyal (Tamil Nadu)
  • Olan (Kerala)
  • Surana Chana Dal (Maharashtra)
  • Kootu (Tamil Nadu)
  • Suran ki Sabzi (North India)
  • Elephant Foot Yam Fry (Andhra Pradesh)
  • Surana Curry
  • Surana Fry
  • Surana Sambar
  • Surana Chutney

Discussion

In many classical literatures, there is no mention about Virya of Surana, while based on general principles of Dravyaguna, Acharya PV Sharma[18] mentions properties of Surana comprehensively and they are as follows. Rasa - Katu, Kashaya; Guna - Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna; Virya - Ushna; Vipaka - Katu; Pravaba - Arshaghna; Karma - Ruchivardhak, Deepana, Pachana, Anulomaka, Shulaprasamak, Arshaghna, Krimighna, Sothahara; Rogaghnata - Aruchi, Agnimandya, Vivandha, Udarshula, Gulma, Yakrit - Pleeha Rogas, Arsha & Krimi. The properties mentioned in the classics can be correlated with certain modern parameters, which have been already researched are given below.

Effect of Surana in Aruchi & Agnimandya: In Ayurveda, "Aruchi" refers to a condition characterized by a loss of appetite or taste disturbances. Surana is having ‘Deepana’ & ‘Pachana’ properties. By Deepana, it stimulates the digestive fire (Agni) to enhance digestion, while by Pachana it aids in digesting and eliminating undigested food material (Ama) from the body, which can enhance appetite & metabolic functions.


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By improving digestion and increasing appetite, Surana may help individuals suffering from Aruchi & Agnimandya.

Effect of Surana in Vivandha: Vivandha refers to constipation or obstructed defecation in Ayurveda. Surana is having ‘Anulomaka’ property by which Surana is traditionally used as a natural laxative in Ayurveda. It contains compounds that are believed to have a mild laxative effect, helping to soften stools and promote bowel movements. This property can be beneficial in relieving constipation and facilitating regular bowel movements in individuals experiencing Vivandha.

Surana as Arshaghna: In Ayurveda, Arsha is a lifestyle disorder caused due to- ‘Agnimandya’ which happens because of some important predisposing factors like- sedentary lifestyle, intake of fast food, lack of physical exercise & careless attitude towards responding to natural urges i.e. suppression & forceful creation of defecation, flatus etc. Surana having qualities like- ‘Deepana’, ‘Pachana’, & ‘Anulomaka’ have direct impact to balance Agni (Digestive fire). Almost each Samhitas & Nighantus have described that Surana is having ‘Arshaghna’ properties because of above said reason. In many recent researches, it is proved that - Tuber of Surana having curative action on hemorrhoids through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Sanjay Jain et al. were evaluated against ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) tubers carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats. They extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg were administered orally once daily. This study suggests that possible mechanism of this activity may be due to free radical scavenging potential caused by the presence of flavonoids in the extracts.[19]

Effect of Surana in Yakrit-Pleeha Rogas: Surana is indicated in the treatment of Yakrit rogas (liver disorders) and Pleeha Rogas (spleen disorders) because of its Hepatoprotective Properties, Anti-inflammatory Effects, Immunomodulatory Effects, Detoxifying Effects. It is proved through various scientific researches & published studies. Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCL4. Ethanol and Aqueous extract show hepatoprotective effect at the dose 500mg/kg dose.[20] Macerated methanol extract also exhibits protective activity against Acetaminophen indued hepatotoxicity.[21]

When mice treated with tuber aqueous extract and methanol extract decrease in clearance index was observed to prove immunomodulatory effect. Spleen index and DMH (Dimethylhydrazine) response shown good result.[22]

Surana as Krimighna: Surana possesses a bitter and pungent taste. Bitter and pungent tastes are traditionally associated with anti-parasitic and purifying actions in Ayurveda. These tastes help in cleansing the body and expelling worms and parasites. & also, Surana has a heating potency (Ushna Virya). The heating nature of Surana helps in destroying parasites, as many parasites and worms thrive in a cooler environment. Surana is known for its effect to pacify Kapha and Vata Doshas. Parasites and worms are often associated with imbalances in these Doshas, particularly Kapha, which can create a conducive environment for their growth.

By balancing these Doshas, Surana helps in preventing and treating parasitic infestations. It is proved in recent researches that Chloroform extract, methanol extract, petroleum ether extract and isolated crude tannins were studied for anthelminthic activity. Anthelminthic activity of methanol extract of tubers shows prominent activity against Pheretima posthuma, Tubifex tubifex (a variety of worms) Death time and paralysis time of isolated crude tannins was very close to albendazole.[23]

Effect of Surana in Udarshula: In Ayurveda ‘Udarshula’ refers to abdominal colic. In our classics, it has been mentioned that any type of pain (Ruja) occurs due to imbalance of Vata Dosha. Surana is particularly effective in balancing Vata and Kapha Doshas. Abdominal pain is often a result of Vata Dosha imbalance. By pacifying Vata and Kapha Doshas, Surana helps to reduce the symptoms associated with these imbalances, including pain. Further, the post-digestive effect of Surana is pungent (Katu Vipaka), which further aids in digestion and reduces gas and bloating, thereby alleviating pain. Some recent researches showed that Surana has been noted to have anti-inflammatory properties, which help in reducing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. This reduction in inflammation can significantly alleviate pain. Its analgesic properties contribute directly to pain relief by reducing the sensation of pain in the affected areas.


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The corm of Amorphophallus species have diverse property of free radical scavenging, the methanolic and aqueous extract of Amorphophallus campanulatus tuber have shown good antioxidant activity.[24]

Analgesic activity in the whole plant of Amorphophallus campanulatus have shown effective analgesic activity using tail flick and tail immersion techniques by measuring the reaction time of the animals (rats). The extract showed reaction times of 7.33 (p<0.001) and 7.83 (p<0.001) min at a dose of 200 mg/ kg while the normal and reference groups exhibited reaction times of 2.16, 2.66 and 8.16 (p<0.001) and 8.5 (p<0.001) which supports the fact of its use in traditional medical practice.[25]

Conclusion

Surana is a commonly available vegetable with properties of Ruchivardhak, Deepana, Pachana, Anulomaka, Shulaprasamak, Arshaghna, Krimighna, Sothahara etc. This review comprehensively explores the therapeutic potential of Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus), from both traditional Ayurvedic and modern scientific perspectives. The findings from this review highlight the significant medicinal value of Surana, validating its long-standing use in Ayurvedic medicine and its relevance in contemporary healthcare. Surana is recognized for its potent anthelmintic properties, effectively expelling intestinal parasites and promoting gut health.

The reason why Surana is so effective in treating hemorrhoids is because of its capacity to balance the doshas of Vata and Kapha, improve digestive fire, and have anti-inflammatory properties. Research supports the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of Surana, aligning with traditional Ayurvedic uses. Its nutritional profile, rich in fibre, vitamins, and minerals & amino acids, contributes to its role in promoting digestive health and preventing constipation. In India, Surana is added to many traditional recipes to improve the food as well as the health benefits. Its diverse medicinal properties make it a valuable herb for treating various health conditions, particularly those related to the digestive system. Integrating Surana into dietary practices and therapeutic regimens offers a natural and effective approach to enhancing overall health and well-being.

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