E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Ayurvedic Dosage

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 3 MARCH
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Review of different Ayurvedic Dosage forms in Relation to Contemporary Aspects

Bhanupriya1*
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.3.19

1* Bhanupriya, RMO, Institute for Ayurved Studies and Research Hospital, Shri Krishna Ayush University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

Ayurveda, one of the oldest systems of medicine, has provided invaluable knowledge for the prevention, treatment, and management of diseases through natural and holistic approaches. Among the many branches of Ayurveda, Rasa Shastra focuses on the preparation and use of medicinal formulations that incorporate metals, minerals, and other substances to enhance therapeutic efficacy. These formulations, which include Bhasma (calcined metals), Parpati, and Kajjali (mercury-based compounds), are unique in their preparation and application compared to traditional herbal remedies. The diverse dosage forms in Ayurveda range from simple herbal powders to more complex mineral-based therapies, each with its specific method of preparation and administration. This review seeks to explore these Ayurvedic dosage forms, focusing on their preparation techniques, therapeutic applications, and relevance in modern healthcare. It delves into the contemporary challenges of safety, efficacy, and standardization of Ayurvedic medicines, especially Rasa Shastra formulations, which often involve the use of heavy metals. Additionally, the paper discusses the importance of scientific validation through clinical studies, the need for regulatory frameworks, and the integration of traditional practices with modern pharmaceutical advancements. By linking ancient wisdom with modern perspectives, this review highlights the potential of Ayurvedic dosage forms to contribute to holistic, sustainable, and personalized healthcare in the present day.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Rasa Shastra, Ayurvedic dosage forms, Bhasma, Rasaayana, therapeutic applications

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Bhanupriya, RMO, Institute for Ayurved Studies and Research Hospital, Shri Krishna Ayush University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.
Email: 		Bhanupriya, Review of different Ayurvedic Dosage forms in Relation to Contemporary Aspects. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(3):124-129.
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Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-02-14 2025-02-24 2025-03-04 2025-03-14 2025-03-24
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© 2025 by Bhanupriya and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Bhanupriya. Ayurvedic Dosage forms in Relation to Contemporary Aspects

Introduction

Ayurveda is a comprehensive system of traditional medicine that has evolved over thousands of years in the Indian subcontinent. Rooted in the concept of balance between body, mind, and spirit, Ayurveda aims to maintain health through natural therapies, including diet, herbal remedies, physical activity, and mental wellness.[1] Rasa Shastra, a branch of Ayurveda, focuses specifically on the use of metals, minerals, and mercury in medicinal formulations. These substances, when processed according to specific procedures, are believed to have therapeutic properties that enhance their medicinal effectiveness. Rasa Shastra’s role in Ayurvedic healing is crucial because it expands the scope of treatments beyond herbs to include potent mineral and metallic substances that are utilized to treat a wide range of ailments.[2]

Importance of Rasa Shastra in Ayurvedic practice

Rasa Shastra is considered one of most advanced and complex areas of Ayurvedic medicine. The texts of Rasa Shastra include detailed procedures for purification, transformation, and incorporation of metals and minerals into therapeutic formulations, which are meant to be safe when prepared correctly. These formulations are often considered more potent and effective than plant-based medicines, especially in treating chronic conditions, neurological diseases, and metabolic disorders.[3] Furthermore, Rasa Shastra emphasizes synthesis of various medicinal properties by using techniques such as calcination, mercury processing, & amalgamation, which have been passed down through generations of practitioners.[4]

Need for Reviewing Ayurvedic Dosage Forms from a Contemporary Perspective

Ayurvedic dosage forms have been developed based on principles from classical texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. However, with advancements in pharmaceutical sciences, there is a need to reassess these formulations concerning modern drug delivery systems and quality control. Many Ayurvedic preparations, such as Bhasma and Kupipakva Rasayana, require validation for safety and efficacy. Modern techniques like HPLC, GC-MS, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) help in standardizing these formulations.[5]

To meet global regulatory standards, Ayurveda is integrating novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) such as nano-formulations and sustained-release tablets. This fusion of traditional wisdom with modern science can enhance the acceptability and efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines.[6]

Classical Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

Ayurveda classifies medicinal preparations into different dosage forms based on their preparation method, stability, and therapeutic application. These dosage forms have evolved to enhance drug efficacy, palatability, and bioavailability while ensuring long-term stability. The fundamental classifications include liquid, semi-solid, and solid formulations, each serving a distinct therapeutic purpose.

1. Liquid Dosage Forms

Liquid dosage forms are commonly used in Ayurveda for rapid absorption and ease of administration. Swarasa (expressed juice) is obtained by crushing fresh herbs and extracting their juice, offering a highly potent and quick-acting remedy. Kwatha (decoction) involves boiling coarsely powdered herbs in water to extract their medicinal properties. Hima (cold infusion) and Phanta (hot infusion) are milder extraction methods where herbs are soaked in cold or hot water, respectively, to obtain their active constituents.[7]

2. Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

Semi-solid forms are designed to improve drug retention and stability. Kalka (paste) is a coarse preparation where herbs are ground with a liquid medium and used for both internal and external applications. Avaleha (confection) is a thick, sweetened preparation made by mixing herbal extracts with jaggery or honey, enhancing taste and shelf life. Lepa (topical paste) is applied externally for localized treatment of skin disorders and inflammation.[8]

3. Solid Dosage Forms

Solid preparations are preferred for their longer shelf life and controlled dosage. Churna (powder) consists of finely ground herbs that can be taken alone or mixed with water, honey, or ghee. Vati/Gutika (tablets or pills) are prepared by compressing herbal powders with binding agents, making them convenient for storage and use.


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Bhasma (calcined preparations), derived from purified metals and minerals, undergo multiple incineration processes to enhance their therapeutic potency and bioavailability. However, modern scientific validation and standardization are essential to ensure their safety These Ayurvedic dosage forms, developed through centuries of traditional practice, are now being scientifically evaluated for their pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. The incorporation of analytical techniques such as HPLC, FTIR, and ICP-MS is crucial for ensuring their global acceptance and integration into contemporary healthcare systems.[9]

Contemporary Perspectives on Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

The traditional Ayurvedic dosage forms have undergone significant advancements to align with modern pharmaceutical standards. Standardization, quality control, and scientific validation have become essential aspects to ensure safety, efficacy, and global acceptance of Ayurvedic formulations.

1. Standardization and Quality Control

With the increasing demand for evidence-based medicine, Ayurvedic formulations are being subjected to rigorous standardization and quality control measures. Techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) are employed to analyze the chemical composition and ensure consistency in Ayurvedic formulations.[10] Furthermore, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and WHO guidelines are being incorporated to enhance the credibility of Ayurvedic products.

2. Nanotechnology and Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

Recent research has highlighted the potential of nanotechnology in Ayurveda, especially in Bhasma preparations, which are found to contain ultra-fine particles with enhanced bioavailability. Studies suggest that metallic and mineral-based formulations like Swarna Bhasma and Rajata Bhasma exhibit nano-sized structures, allowing better absorption and therapeutic action at lower doses.[11] This scientific validation has paved the way for integrating Ayurvedic formulations into modern medicine.

3. Herbal Drug Delivery Innovations

Advancements in herbal drug delivery systems have led to the development of novel dosage forms such as herbal tablets, capsules, syrups, and topical formulations that enhance the stability and palatability of traditional medicines. Encapsulation techniques, liposomes, and phytosomal formulations are being explored to improve the bioavailability of Ayurvedic drugs.[12] Such modifications ensure that Ayurvedic formulations meet global pharmaceutical standards while retaining their therapeutic integrity.

The modernization of Ayurvedic dosage forms represents a crucial step in integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary healthcare. The ongoing research and development in standardization, nanotechnology, and advanced drug delivery systems contribute significantly to making Ayurveda a globally accepted medical system).[13]

Comparative Analysis of Ayurvedic and Modern Dosage Forms

The continuous evolution of medicine has necessitated a comparative evaluation between Ayurvedic dosage forms and modern pharmaceutical formulations. This comparison is crucial to understanding how traditional knowledge can integrate with modern advancements to improve drug efficacy, safety, and patient compliance.

1. Bioavailability and Absorption

Ayurvedic formulations, such as Kwatha (decoctions) and Bhasma (calcined preparations), rely on traditional processing techniques that enhance bioavailability through herbomineral interactions. However, modern drug delivery systems use nanotechnology, liposomal encapsulation, and controlled-release formulations, significantly improving the absorption, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of active compounds.[14] These modifications enhance the therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicine while reducing dosage frequency and potential toxicity.

2. Stability and Preservation

The shelf life of Ayurvedic formulations varies depending on their composition and method of preparation. Powdered formulations (Churna) and decoctions (Kwatha) are susceptible to microbial contamination and degradation,


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whereas modern pharmaceutical technologies offer stability-enhancing solutions such as freeze-drying, microencapsulation, and emulsification.[15] These innovations ensure longer shelf life while preserving the bioactive compounds in herbal drugs.

3. Standardization and Consistency

Ayurvedic formulations traditionally lack batch-to-batch consistency, primarily due to variations in geographical sourcing, climate, and preparation techniques. In contrast, modern pharmaceutical formulations undergo rigorous quality control, ensuring uniformity through HPLC, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and DNA fingerprinting.[16] This shift toward scientific validation is crucial for global acceptance of Ayurveda in evidence-based medicine.

4. Patient Compliance and Acceptability

Modern dosage forms, such as capsules, syrups, and topical applications, are designed for ease of administration and increased patient compliance. Ayurvedic formulations, especially those with strong herbal taste and odor, often face acceptability challenges among patients.[17] The modernization of Ayurvedic formulations through herbal gel caps, effervescent tablets, and flavored syrups helps bridge this gap, making them more palatable and convenient for daily use.

Challenges and Future Prospects of Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

The development of Ayurvedic dosage forms faces multiple challenges related to standardization, clinical validation, and regulatory acceptance. While Ayurveda is widely practiced, the transition to a scientific and evidence-based approach is essential for global integration .The incorporation of modern pharmaceutical technologies and multi-disciplinary research can help in bridging the gap between traditional wisdom and contemporary medicine.

Challenges in Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

1. Lack of Standardization and Consistency

Ayurvedic formulations often vary due to differences in raw material sources, preparation methods, and environmental conditions. Unlike modern pharmaceuticals, Ayurvedic medicines lack rigorous standardization in terms of dosage uniformity, purity, and active ingredient concentration.

Advanced techniques such as HPTLC, LC-MS, and DNA fingerprinting can help in maintaining batch-to-batch consistency.[18]

2. Scientific Validation and Pharmacological Studies

A major limitation of Ayurveda is the insufficient scientific validation of its formulations. Most Ayurvedic medicines are based on empirical knowledge, with limited randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or mechanistic studies to support their efficacy. Conducting toxicological studies, bioavailability analysis, and pharmacokinetic profiling can strengthen Ayurveda’s scientific foundation.[19]

3. Regulatory and Legal Barriers

The global recognition of Ayurveda is hindered by regulatory challenges. Different countries have varying policies on herbal medicine, making it difficult for Ayurvedic products to gain international approval. Regulatory frameworks such as AYUSH standards, WHO guidelines, and US FDA regulations need to be harmonized to promote global acceptance.[20]

4. Patient Acceptability and Compliance Issues

Some traditional Ayurvedic dosage forms, such as decoctions (Kwatha) and powders (Churna), are inconvenient due to strong taste, complex preparation, and long-term administration. Reformulating these into capsules, syrups, and sustained-release tablets can enhance patient compliance while retaining therapeutic efficacy.[21]

5. Stability and Shelf-Life Concerns

Ayurvedic medicines, particularly decoctions and herbal pastes, have short shelf life and higher microbial contamination risk. Implementing modern preservation techniques such as freeze-drying, microencapsulation, and nano-coating can improve the stability and longevity of these formulations.[22]

Future Prospects of Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

Integration with Advanced Drug Delivery Systems

Modern drug delivery technologies such as nanotechnology, liposomal formulations, & phytosomes are being explored to enhance bioavailability & therapeutic efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines.


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These targeted delivery systems can improve drug absorption and reduce dosage frequency.[23]

Bridging Ayurveda with Evidence-Based Medicine

For wider acceptance, Ayurvedic formulations must undergo evidence-based research. Conducting multi-center clinical trials and utilizing pharmacovigilance programs can provide scientific validation for Ayurvedic drugs in managing chronic diseases like diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular disorders.[24]

Globalization and Regulatory Harmonization

The global acceptance of Ayurveda depends on aligning regulatory frameworks with international standards. Initiatives such as WHO’s Traditional Medicine Strategy and the establishment of Ayurvedic pharmacopeias in different countries will help in expanding Ayurveda’s reach.[25]

Sustainable Cultivation and Conservation of Medicinal Plants

Overharvesting of medicinal plants has led to concerns about sustainability and biodiversity loss. The future of Ayurvedic formulations relies on organic farming, conservation strategies, and cultivation of medicinal plants through biotechnology.[26]

Conclusion

The evolution of Ayurvedic dosage forms presents both opportunities and challenges in integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific advancements. While Ayurveda has a rich heritage in holistic medicine, its formulations often lack standardization, scientific validation, and regulatory acceptance on a global scale. The integration of modern analytical techniques, advanced drug delivery systems, can significantly enhance the efficacy, stability, and acceptability of Ayurvedic medicines.

Future prospects include nanotechnology-based formulations, personalized Ayurveda, and harmonization of global regulatory standards to ensure the wider adoption of Ayurvedic principles in mainstream healthcare. Additionally, sustainability efforts such as organic farming and conservation of medicinal plants will play a crucial role in preserving the essence of Ayurveda for future generations).

To establish Ayurveda as a scientifically validated and globally accepted system, interdisciplinary collaboration among Ayurvedic practitioners, researchers, pharmaceutical industries, and regulatory bodies is essential. By embracing innovation while maintaining its core philosophy, Ayurveda has the potential to emerge as a credible and effective system of medicine worldwide.

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