E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Madhushigru

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 4 APRIL
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru: An Insights from Nighantu

Gabani A1*, Singh S2, Dodiya H3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.4.26

1* Abhishek Gabani, Second Year Post Graduate Scholar, Upgraded PG Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

2 Suman Singh, Assistant Professor, Upgraded PG Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurved College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

3 Hemal Dodiya, Assistant Professor, Department of Panchakarma, Government Ayurved College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Background: Shigru and Madhushigru are very important drugs described in various classical text of Ayurveda. It is mainly indicated in Vidradhi, Shotha, Shoola, etc.

Materials and Methods: All the available Ayurvedic Nighantu were referred for the collection of data regarding Shigru and Madhushigru.

Observation and Result: The different synonyms of Shigru like Harita Shaka, Tikta Gandha, Shobhanjana, Mulaka Parni etc. and Madhushigru like Raktashigru, Sinhakesari, Raktapushpa, Murangi were observed. Properties of Shigru and Madhushigru like Tikta, Katu Rasa, Ushna Veerya, Katu Vipaka, Kaphavatahara Karma and actions of Shigru like Chakshushya, Grahi, Rochana, etc. and specifically Madhushigru Deepana and Sara action were described in different Nighantu.

Discussion: The collection of various information of the Shigru and Madhushigru from 27 Nighantu and compare its variations by their synonyms, properties and actions.

Conclusion: The present analysis shows that different types of synonyms, properties and functions described in different periods of Ayurvedic Nighantu can be used to identify and validate medicinal plants. Shigru and Madhushigru possess various pharmacological actions and can play an important role in the treatment of Shoola, Gulma, Vidradhi, Shotha, etc. diseases.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Nighantu, Rakta Pushpa, Shobhanjana, Shoola

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Abhishek Gabani, Second Year Post Graduate Scholar, Upgraded PG Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
Email: 		Gabani A, Singh S, Dodiya H, Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru: An Insights from Nighantu. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(4):175-183.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4222/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-03-14 2025-03-28 2025-04-08 2025-04-18 2025-04-28
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Not required 12.36

© 2025 by Gabani A, Singh S, Dodiya H and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)175
Download PDFBack To ArticleIntroductionMaterials and MethodsObservationDiscussionConclusionReferences
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru

Introduction

Ayurveda, often referred to as the science of life, plays a significant role in enhancing daily well-being. During ancient period numerous Dravya (substances) are documented for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Among these, Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and Madhushigru (Moringa concanensis Nimmo.) are prominent members of the Moringaceae family, recognized for their remarkable nutritional and therapeutic characteristics. These species exhibit various pharmacological properties, including Shothahara, Shoolahara and Amadoshahara effects.[1] Both Shigru and Madhushigru typically grow as small trees, reaching heights of 10 to 12 meters.[2] This article presents a comprehensive review of the available Nighantu that provide insights into the synonyms, properties, actions and indications of Shigru and Madhushigru, facilitating a deeper understanding of their roles in traditional medicine.

Table 1: Vernacular Name of Shigru and Madhushigru

DescriptionShigru[3]Madhushigru[4]
Latin nameMoringa oleifera Lam.Moringa concanensis Nimmo.
FamilyMoringaceaeMoringaceae
English nameDrumstick plantKonkan Moringa
Gujarati nameMitho SaragvoKadvo Saragvo

Materials and Methods

A total of 27 Nighantu were reviewed to compile comprehensive information regarding Shigru and Madhushigru. Additionally, the e-Nighantu portal was utilized as a supplementary resource.

The data collected were systematically organized and presented in tabular format to facilitate analysis and comparison of the various properties, synonyms, and therapeutic actions associated with these two medicinal plants.


Observation

Table 2: References of Shigru and Madhushigru observed in various Nighantu

SNNighantuAuthor & PeriodDetailsAbbreviation
ShigruMadhushigru
1.Sausruta Nighantu[5]Acharya Sushruta
(5th century AD)		5 Synonyms5 SynonymsSu. Ni.
2.Ashtanga Nighantu[6]Acharya Vahat
(7th century AD)		3 Synonyms, 3 types of Shigru3 SynonymsAs. Ni.
3.Amarakosha[7]Shrimad Amarsinha5 Synonyms1 SynonymA.K.
4.Paryayaratna Mala[8]Madhavakara
(9th century AD)		3 Synonyms3 SynonymsPr. Rm.
5.Siddhasara Nighantu[9]Ravigupta (9th century AD)4 SynonymsNot mentionedSi.S.N
6.Madanadi Nighantu[10]Acharya Chandranandana
(10th century AD)		3 Synonyms, 3 types of Shigru given Shigru, Shigruka, Madhushigru1 SynonymMd. Ni.
7.Dhanvantari Nighantu[11]Mahendra Bhaugika
(10th -13th century AD)		10 Synonyms, Shweta Maricha also given is Synonyms of Shigrubeeja.1 SynonymD.N
8.Dravyaguna Samgraha[12]Acharya Chakrapanidatta
(11th century AD)		Not mentioned-D.G.S.
9.Shabda Chandrika[13]Acharya Chakrapanidatta
(11th century)		10 Synonyms2 SynonymsS.C.
10.Shodhala Nighantu[14]Acharya Shodhala (12th century)14 Synonyms, Shigru is also described in Kshara and Harita Varga, Karaviradi Varga, Taila Varga.8 SynonymsS.N.
11.Nighantu Shesha[15]Acharya Hemachandra (12th century)11 Synonyms1 SynonymNi.S.
12.Abhidhana Ratnamala[16](12th -13th century AD)8 Synonyms, In Katuskandha Shigru was describedMadhushigruka word described as synonym for Agatsya.Ab.Rm.

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)176
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru
SNNighantuAuthor & PeriodDetailsAbbreviation
ShigruMadhushigru
13.Hridayadipika Nighantu[17]Acharya Vopadeva (13th century AD)4 Synonyms1 SynonymHr.Di.
14.Madhava Dravyaguna[18]Acharya Madhav (13th century) Taila and Kshara of Shigru described.2 Synonyms1 SynonymMa.Dr.
15.Siddhamantra[19]Vaidya Acharya Keshava (13th century AD)Not mentioned-Si.M.
16.Madanapala Nighantu[20]Acharya Madanapala (14th century AD)4 Synonyms, Part wise characteristic given, in Katu Taila Shigru given.1 SynonymM.N
17.Kaiyadeva Nighantu [21]Acharya Kaiyadeva (1425 AD)16 Synonyms, Shigru described in Ksharasaptaka, Dantadi Taila.6 SynonymsK.D.
18.Sarsavati Nighantu[22]16th century AD8 Synonyms4 SynonymsSa.Ni.
19.Bhavaprakasha Nighantu[23]Acharya Bhavamishra (16th century AD)5 Synonyms1 SynonymB.N.
20.Raja Nighantu[24] “Abhidhana Chudamani”Narahari Pandit (17th Century AD)10 Synonyms, Nila Shigru(8 Synonyms given) and Shweta Shigru (7 Synonyms given) also described. Shigrupatra described in Mulakadi Varga, Taila of Shigru also described.it is also in the Kshara Dashaka8 SynonymsR.N.
21.Rajavallabha Nighantu[25]Shri Rajavallabha (18th century)Not mentioned-R.V.N.
22.Laghu Nighantu[26]Vyasa Keshavarama (18th century)Not mentioned-L.N.
23.Shaligrama Nighantu [27]Acharya Shaligrama (19th century AD)5 Synonyms4 SynonymsSha.Ni.
24.Abhidhanaa Manjari[28]Acharya Bhishagacharya
(1952 AD)		7 Synonyms, Shigru described in Dvayartha Varga (Haritashak-Shobhanjan), Also described in Chaturdhyartha varga.8 SynonymsA.M.N.
25.Priya Nighantu[29]Acharya P.V. Sharma (20th century AD)3 SynonymsNot mentionedP.N.
26.Nighantu Adarsha[30]Bapalal Vaidya (20th century AD)4 Synonyms2 SynonymsN.A.
27.Shivakosha[31]Shivadatta Mishra 1677 AD2 SynonymsNot mentionedSi.K.

Synonyms of Shigru and Madhushigru

Out of 27 Nighantu, synonyms of Shigru & Madhushigru were found in 20 Nighantu & 18 Nighantu respectively. Total 59 & 32 synonyms were found for Shigru & Madhushigru respectively tabulated in table no. 2 & 3.

Table 3: Synonyms of Shigru observed in different Nighantu

SNSynonymsSu.NiAs.NiPr.RmMd.NiD.NS.CS.NNi.SAb.RmHr.DiM.NK.NB.NR. NSha.NiA.M. NP. NN.A.Si.S.NA.K.
1.Shigru++++++++++++++++++++
2.Harita Shaka++++++++
3.Mula Patra+++
4.Bahal Patra+
5.Tikshna Gandhi+++++++++++
6.Shobhanjana++++++++++++++++
7.Bahala Pallava++
8.Mulaka Parni++++
9.Krushna Gandha++++++

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)177
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru
10.Sukha Gandha+
11.Sindhuka+
12.Dirghaka+
13.Laghupatraka++
14.Avadanshakshama+
15.Dansha++
16.Mukhabhanga++++
17.Shigruka++
18.Akshiva+++++++
19.Mochaka+++++
20.Ugra+
21.Shubhanaka+
22.Kama+
23.Kaminisha+
24.Shighraka+
25.Shwetaka+
26.Shweta Maricha+++
27.Ghana Pallava+
28.Avadamsha++
29.Kshama+
30.Mulakaparni+
31.Shubhanjana+++
32.Subhangi+
33.Madhugrunjana+
34.Tikshnagrha+
35.Mulakapallava+
36.Vidradhi+
37.Murangi++
38.Mulakadala+
39.Grunjana+
40.Haritachhada++
41.Bahudala++
42.Bahulachhada++
43.Shalankshama+
44.Ghanachhada+
45.Avadamsha+
46.Vidradhighna+
47.Mulakachhada+
48.Shakapatra+
49.Supatraka+
50.Upadamsha+
51.Kshamadamsha+
52.Damshamoola+
53.Komalaptraka+
54.Bahumoola+
55.Tikshnamoola+
56.Shighraphala+
57.Bahulatwaka+
58.Tarkari+
59.Jaya+
Total0504040711091511080404180610050802040406

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)178
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru

Table 4: Synonyms of Madhushigru observed in different Nighantu

SNSynonymsSu.NiAs.NiPr.RmMd.NiD.NS.CSh.NNi.SHr.DiM.NK.NSa.NiB.NR. NSha.NiAM. NN.AA.K
1.Madhushigru++++++++++++
2.Shobhanjanaka++
3.Bahalatwak+
4Tiktagandha++
5.Vishadadruma+
6.Madhura+++
7.Sinhakesari++
8.Sugandha+
9.Swadugandha++
10.Raktashigru++++++++++
11.Gudashigru+
12.Raktapushpa+
13.Sthulatwak+
14.Madhutiktaka+
15.Raktaghna+
16.Gandhashigru+
17.Kesari+
18.Shubhanjana++
19.Madhugandhika+
20.Grunjanaka+
21.Murangi++++
22.Shweta Maricha+
23.Sutikshnaka+
24.Raktaka+
25.Bahulachhada+
26.Sugandhakeasara+
27.Sinha+
28.Surangi+
29.Sitamaricha+
30.Madhusrava+
31.Krushnagandha+
32.Shalanakshama
Total050303030103080101010704010704060201

Rasapanchaka and Doshaghnata of Shigru and Madhushigru.

Out of 27 Nighantu, Rasapanchaka of Shigru is described in Madanadi Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu, Kaideva Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shaligrama Nighantu, Priya Nighantu & Nighantu Adarsha. Among them, diff. of opinion observed is mentioned in below table no. 5.

Table 5: Rasapanchaka and Doshaghnata of Shigru

SNTextRasaVeeryaVipakaGunaDoshaghnata
TiktaKatuMadhuraUshnaShitaKatuRukshaLaghuTikshnaKaphaharaVataharaPittaharaPittakara
1.Md.Ni.+---+----+-+-
2.D.N.++-+-----++--
3.M.N.---+---++++-+
4.K.N.++++-++++++--
5.B.N.++++-++++++-+
6.R.N.++-+----+++--
7.S.N.++++-++++++-+
8.P.N.++-+----+++-+
9.N.A.++++-++++++-+
Total08070307010303040608070104

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)179
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru

Out of 27 Nighantu, Rasapanchaka of Madhushigru is described in Madanadi Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu, Kaideva Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shaligrama Nighantu and Nighantu Adarsha. Among them, the difference of opinion observed is mentioned in below table no. 6.

Table 6: Rasapanchaka and Doshaghnata of Madhushigru

SNTextRasaVeeryaVipakaGunaDoshaghnata
TiktaKatuMadhuraUshnaShitaKatuRukshaLaghuTikshnaKaphaharaVataharaPittahara
1.Ma.Dr.++----------
2.M.N.---+---++++-
3.K.N.++----------
4.Sa.Ni.-------+---
5.B.N.+++--++++++-
6.R.N.--+------+-+
7.N.A.+++--++++++-
Total040403010002020304040301

Rogaghnata

After reviewing 27 Nighantu, Rogaghnata of Shigru were observed in 10 Nighantu are tabulated in table no. 7.

Table 7: Rogaghnata of Shigru observed in various Nighantu

SNRogaghnataSu.NiMd.NiD.N.Ma.Dr.M.N.K. NB.NR. NS. NP.N.
1.Shirashoola+-----+-+-
2.Gulma+--------+
3.Abhyantara Vidradhi+---------
4.Pleehaghna-++-+++-+-
5.Krimihara-++--++-++
6.Vidradhi-+++++-++
7.Shotha--++-++-++
8.Amadosha--+-------
9.Visha--+--++-+-
10.Medoroga--+--++-+-
11.Gulma--+--++-+-
12.Gandaghni---+-++-+-
13.Vrana----+++++-
14.Apachi-----++-+-
15.Mukhajadyahara-------+--
16.Shoola------+-++
Total03030703030912021205

Rogaghnata of Madhushigru were obser. in 5 Nighantu after reviewing 27 Nighantu are tabulated in table no. 8.

Table 8: Rogaghnata of Madhushigru observed in various Nighantu

SNRogaghnataMa.Dr.M.N.K. NB.NR. N
1.Shothaghna+-+++
2.Pleeha-+-+-
3.Vrana-+-+-
4.Vidradhi-+-+-
5.Krimi---+-
6.Medaroga---+-
7.Apachi---+-
8.Visha---+-
9.Gulma---+-
10.Ganda---+-
11.Adhmana---+-
Total0103011101

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)180
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru

Karma

The Karma of Shigru is elaborated in 8 Nighantu, including Madanapala Nighantu, Kaideva Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shodhala Nighantu, Madhava Dravyaguna, and Nighantu Adarsha which are mentioned in table no. 9.

Table 9: Karma of Shigru observed in different Nighantu

SNKarmaMd.NiM.NK. NB.N.R. NS. NP. NN.A.
1.  Chakshusya+-++-+-+
2.  Grahi-+++-+--
3.  Vahnida-+------
4.  Deepana--++++++
5.  Rochana--++++-+
6.  Kshara--++-+--
7.  Shukrala--+-----
8.  Hridya--++-+--
Total0102070602060103

The Karma of Madhushigru is elaborated in 7 Nighantu, including Madanapala Nighantu, Kaiydeva Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shodhala Nighantu, Madhava Dravyaguna and Nighantu Adarsha which are mentioned in table no. 10.

Table 10: Karma of Madhushigru observed in different Nighantu

SNKarmaM.NK. NB.NR. NS. NMa.Dr.Nss.A.
1.  Raktaghna----+--
2.  Sara+++--+-
3.  Deepana+++--+-
4.  Grahi+-+----
5.  Rochana--+----
6.  Kshara--+----
7.  Hridya--+----
8.  Chakshusya--+----
9.  Rasayana---+--+
Total03020701010201

Discussion

This review article aims to compile and analyze the characteristics of Shigru and Madhushigru as described in 27 Nighantu, focusing on their synonyms, properties, and therapeutic actions. A total of 59 synonyms, 8 Karma, and 16 therapeutic indications for Shigru were identified, alongside 31 synonyms, 9 Karma, and 11 indications for Madhushigru.

The most frequently used synonyms for Shigru are Shigru, Shobhanjana and Tikshnagandha, while Madhushigru is commonly referred to as Raktapushpa across multiple Nighantu which can helpful in morphological identification are such as Shweta Maricha, Komalapatra, and Bahala Pallava for Shigru, whereas Rakta Pushpa and Sthulatwak are associated with Madhushigru.

The Madanadi Nighantu categorizes Shigru as possessing a Tikta Rasa (bitter taste) and followed by Dhanvantari, Kaiydeva, Bhavaprakasha, Raja, Shodhala, and Priya Nighantu, which also recognize its Katu Rasa (pungent taste). In contrast, Madhushigru is characterized by a Madhura Rasa (sweet taste) as noted in the Kaiydeva and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.

Ushna Veerya mentioned for the Shigru in Dhanvantari, Madanapala, Kaiydeva, Bhavaprakasha, Raja and Priya Nighantu while Shita Veerya mentioned in Madanadi Nighantu for Shigru. For Madhushigru, Veerya is only mentioned in Madanapala Nighantu and considered as a Ushna Veerya.

Both Shigru and Madhushigru exhibits Katu Vipaka, with references found in Kaiydeva and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)181
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru

The Kaphahara and Vatahara actions of Shigru are supported by several Nighantu including Dhanvatari, Madanapala, Kaiydeva, Bhavaprakasha, Raja and Priya Nighantu. Furthermore, the Madanadi Nighantu highlights its Pittahara properties. Action of Madhushigru include Kaphahara and Vatahara, as noted in the Madanapala and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.

Shigru is indicated for Pleeha, Krimi, Vidradhi, Shotha, and Shoola. Notably, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu mentioned its utility in Paramartihrut. Madhushigru is indicated for Adhmana, Shotha, and Vrana.

Furthermore, the Chakshusya, Grahi, and Rochana actions of Shigru are documented in Kaideva and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. In contrast, Deepana and Sara actions for Madhushigru are specifically mentioned in Bhavaprakasha, Madanapala, and Kaiydeva Nighantu.

Conclusion

Shigru and Madhushigru are two potent Dravya recognized for their efficacy in treating various diseases. Both are cited in 23 Nighantu, with Shigru possessing 59 synonyms and Madhushigru having 31 synonyms. Observed for Shigru Shothaghna, Pleehaghna, Krimihara and Vidradhihara as a main therapeutic indication whereas Sothaghna therapeutic indication is mentioned for Madhushigru. Both plants are characterized by Tikta and Katu Rasa. Deepana, Rochana, Chakshusya Karma mentioned for Shigru whereas Deepana and Sara Karma indicated for Madhushigru. This analysis highlights the diversity of synonyms, properties and actions documented across different historical periods in Ayurvedic Nighantu. Such information is crucial for the identification and usage medicinal plants used in therapeutics.

References

1. Byadgi PS, Maurya BN. Miracle tree: Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam. ). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Publishing House. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

2. Byadgi PS, Maurya BN. Miracle tree: Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam. ). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Publishing House. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

3. eFlora of Gandhinagar. Moringa oleifera. Available from: https://www. efloraofgandhinagar. in/tree/moringa-oleifera [Accessed 24 Nov 2025] [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

4. eFlora of Gandhinagar. Moringa concanensis. Available from: https://www. efloraofgandhinagar. in/tree/moringa-concanensis [Accessed 24 Nov 2025] [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

5. Sushruta A. Sausruta Nighantu, Arkadi Gana. E-book. Hyderabad: National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage (NIIMH); 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

6. Vahata A. Ashtanga Nighantu, Sursadi Gana. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

7. Abhimanyu M. Amarakosha, Dwitiyakanda Vanaushadhivarga. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Vidyabhavan; 2011. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

8. Madhav I. Paryayaratnamala. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

9. NIIMH. Siddhasara Nighantu. Available from: https://niimh. nic. in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/siddhasaranighantu [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

10. Anonymous. Madanadi Nighantu. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

11. Oza Z, Mishra U. Dhanvantari Nighantu (Hindi Gunakarmatmaka commentary). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashana. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

12. Chakrapanidatta A. Dravyagunasamgraha. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

13. Chakrapanidatta A. Shabdachandrika. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

14. Pandey G, Dwiwedi RR. Sodhala Nighantu (Namasamgraha and Gunasamgraha). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2009. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

15. Hemachandra A. Nighantushesha. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)182
Abhishek G et al. Exploring the medicinal value of Shigru and Madhushigru

16. Sharma PV, editor. Abhidhana Ratnamala. Kashaya Skandha. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

17. Keshava A. Hrdaydeepakanighantu. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

18. Madhava A. Madhava Dravyaguna. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

19. NIIMH. Siddhamantra Nighantu. Available from: https://niimh. nic. in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/siddhamantra [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

20. Tripathi HP, editor. Madanapal Nighantu (Hindi Commentary entitled Hari). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2009. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

21. Sharma PV, Sharma GP, editors. Kaiyadeva Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2016. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

22. Anonymous. Saraswati Nighantu. Delhi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan; 2006. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

23. Chunekar KC, Pandey GS, editors. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy; 2015. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

24. Pandit N, Sankhyadhar SC, Sankhyadhar D, editors. Raja Nighantu. Varanasi: Chowkhambha Orientalia; 2017. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

25. Rajvallabha A. Rajvallabha Nighantu. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

26. Keshavaram V, Balakrishna A, editors. Laghu Nighantu. Haridwar: Divya Prakashana; 2019. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

27. Vaishyavarya S. Shaligrama Nighantu Bhushana, Brihat Nighantu Ratnakar. Mumbai: Khemaraja Shrikrishnadas Prakashana; 2011. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

28. Bhishagacharya A. Abhidhanmanjari, Arkadi Varga. E-book. Hyderabad: NIIMH; 2015. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

29. Sharma P. Priya Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan; 2004. . [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

30. Vaidya B. Nighantu Adarsha. Vol. 2. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2016 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

31. NIIMH. Shivakosha Nighantu. Available from: https://niimh. nic. in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/shivakosha [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

Disclaimer / Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of Journals and/or the editor(s). Journals and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(4)183