E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 3 MARCH
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Evaluating the rationality and efficacy of Snigdha and Ruksha Pinda Sweda in managing Musculoskeletal Disorders - A Conceptual Review

Sutradhar UK1*, Wasedar VS2, Gayathri B3, Nanditha S4, Jyoti J5
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.3.45

1* Uttam Kumar Sutradhar, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, KAHER'S Shri BM Kankanawadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

2 Vishwanath S Wasedar, Associate Professor, Department of Panchakarma, KAHER'S Shri BM Kankanawadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

3 Gayathri B, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, KAHER'S Shri BM Kankanawadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

4 Nanditha S, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, KAHER'S Shri BM Kankanawadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

5 Jeevan Jyoti, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, KAHER'S Shri BM Kankanawadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

Swedana, derived from "Sweda" with the suffixes 'Nich' and 'Lyut,' refers to a therapeutic practice inducing sweat. Swedana alleviates conditions like heaviness and coldness by promoting perspiration. Swedana is classified into three types based on properties: Snigdha (oleation), Ruksha (dryness), and Snigdha Ruksha. It can also be categorized by the involvement of Agni into Saagni and Niragni forms. Particularly, Sankara Sweda, a historical therapy, utilizes herbal boluses for sudation. Snigdha Sweda is effective for Vata disorders, promoting nourishment and relieving pain, while Ruksha Sweda facilitates detoxification and reduces Vata Kapha-related symptoms. Effective for musculoskeletal disorders, Swedana acts as both a primary and supplementary treatment, detoxifying the body, enhancing blood circulation, and relieving stiffness. Different techniques like Patra Pottali and Kukkutanda Pinda Sweda target specific ailments. The therapeutic advantages are achieved from the balanced use of Snigdha and Ruksha qualities, which target Vata and Kapha imbalances, enhancing overall health by improving muscle flexibility and joint mobility.

Keywords: Snigdha Sweda, Ruksha Pinda Sweda, Sudation, Musculoskeletal Disorders

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Uttam Kumar Sutradhar, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, KAHER'S Shri BM Kankanawadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Sutradhar UK, Wasedar VS, Gayathri B, Nanditha S, Jyoti J, Evaluating the rationality and efficacy of Snigdha and Ruksha Pinda Sweda in managing Musculoskeletal Disorders - A Conceptual Review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(3):293-299.
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Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-02-16 2025-02-26 2025-03-06 2025-03-14 2025-03-24
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© 2025 by Sutradhar UK, Wasedar VS, Gayathri B, Nanditha S, Jyoti J and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Uttam K et al. Snigdha and Ruksha Pinda Sweda

Introduction

The Swedana (~sudation) Shabda is derived by adding the Pratyayas 'Nich'& 'Lyut' with the term Sweda. The literal meaning of this term is to induce sweating.[1] In ‘Langhana Brahmaneeya Adhyaya' Acharya Charaka mentioned the procedure that relives the Gouravata (~Heaviness), Sheetata (~coldness), and makes the person to sweat is called as Swedana.

According to Guna (~properties) Swedana is again classified into 3 types Snigdha (~oleation), Ruksha (~dryness) and Snigdha Ruksha Sweda. This Sweda is used according to Dosha Avastha. Snigdha Sweda produces Swedana as well as maintains the Snigdhata of the body.Ruksha Sweda makes to perspire and brings about the body's dryness by removing Kledata and Dosha Pachana.[2]

Based on the involvement of Agni, Swedana can be classified into two types: Saagni and Niragni Sweda. Out of the 13 varieties of Saagni Sweda, Sankara Sweda is one of them. Classical literature indicates that Sankaradi Sweda is one of the most ancient therapies in Ayurveda. Sankara Sweda, a form of Tapa Sweda, involves fomentation using a bolus (Pinda) made with various drugs, processed, heated and used for sudation directly or wrapped with a cloth. It is further divided into Rooksha Sankara Sweda and Snigdha Sankara Sweda based on the materials used.[3]

A wide range of illnesses involving bones, joints, muscles, and connective tissues are referred to as musculoskeletal disorders. These conditions are among most incapacitating and can cause discomfort and loss of function. More than 150 distinct diseases and ailments affect musculoskeletal system. These impairments are characterized by problems with muscles, bones, joints, & surrounding connective tissues, which can limit involvement & functioning temporarily or permanently.

Swedana can be applied as both Pradhana Karma and Paschata Karma in various Vatavyadhis. It offers several benefits, including Malapaham (~eliminating toxins from the body through sweating) and Rogapaham (~treating numerous Vatavyadhis as a primary therapy). Additionally, it enhances strength and complexion by stimulating sweat glands, detoxifying the body, and improving blood circulation.[4]

Classification of Sweda[5]

Table 1: Classification of Swedana

IIIIIIIV
Sagni SwedaEkanga SwedaSamshamaneeya SwedaSnigdha Sweda
Niragni SwedaSarvanga SwedaSamshodhananga SwedaRuksha Sweda

Dwividha Sweda

Properties of Swedana Dravyas[2]

Ushna, Tikshna, Sara, Snigdha, Ruksha, Sukshma, Drava, Sthira and Guru (PubMed). Among the various properties mentioned, we will focus on the Gunas of Snigdha and Ruksha Sweda.

Table 2: Properties of Swedana Dravyas[2]

GunasActions
UshnaIt induces Sweda
TikshnaIt helps in Shodana of Doshas and removes Srotorodha
SaraIt induces movement in morbid Doshas
SnigdhaIt induces Kleda
RukshaIt removes extra fluid and induces Dryness
SukshmaIt helps in reaching micro channels
DravaIt helps in liquefaction of morbid Doshas
SthiraIt helps in inducing stability
GuruIt helps in Vriddhi of Doshas and also it helps in Brimhana

Swedopaga Gana[2]

The Dravyas which helps for Swedana Karma or Perspiration called as Swedopaga. Dravya are mentioned in Charaka Samhita 4th chapter Swedopaga Gana.

Table 3: Swedopaga Gana[2]

Snigdha Dravyas
Swedana DravyaAction
ErandaKapha, Vatahara
TilaVatahara
MashaVatahara
BadaraKapha, Vatahara
Ruksha Dravyas
ShobanjanaKapha, Vatahara
ArkaVatahara
Sweta PunarnavaKapha, Vatahara
Rakta PunarnavaKapha, Vatahara
YavaKaphahara
KulathaKapha, Vatahara

Swedana mentioned based on Sthana of Doshas[5]


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If Vata is accumulated in the Amashaya region (Seat of Kapha Dosha), then Ruksha Swedana is applied followed by Snigdha Swedana.

If Kapha is accumulated in the Pakwashaya region (Seat of Vata Dosha) then firstly Snigdha Sweda followed by Ruksha Sweda.

Based on Properties of Swedana[5]

Snigdha-Ruksha Swedana - Vata Dosha Prakopa
Snigdha Swedana - Vata Dosha
Ruksha Swedana - Kapha Dosha

Table 4: Based on properties of Swedana[18]

SNSnigdha - Ruksha SwedaSnigdha SwedaRuksha Sweda
1.Patra Pottali SwedaSastika Sali Pinda SwedaValuka Sweda
2.Jambeera Pinda SwedaKukkutanda Pinda SwedaIstika Pinda Sweda
3.Churna Pinda Sweda with Snigdha and Ruksha DravyasMasha Pinda SwedaChurna Pinda Sweda with Ruksha Dravyas
4.Chincha Lavana Pinda SwedaMamsa Pinda SwedaTusha Pinda Sweda
5.Godhuma Pinda SwedaKarisha Pinda Sweda
Salavana Pinda Sweda
Karpasa Beeja Pinda Sweda

Importance of Snigdha and Ruksha Gunas in Sweda Karma:

According to the Samanya - Vishesha Siddhanta, the Snigdha Guna counteracts the Ruksha Guna of Vata while exacerbating Kapha. Conversely, the Ruksha Guna mitigates the Snigdha Guna of Kapha and intensifies Vata. The Snigdha quality is a unique characteristic of Jaliya Mahabhuta and is defined by its ability to promote moisture in tissues and the body.

Many musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders caused by imbalanced Vata can be effectively treated with Snigdha Dravyas, which can be applied both internally and externally. Snigdha nurtures tissues, reduces inherent dryness and wear, and strengthens cellular immunity. Dryness, on the other hand, is a distinctive quality of Vayu and Agneya Mahabhuta. Ruksha Guna is characterized by its capacity to induce dryness, helping to reduce fat accumulation and address various issues associated with elevated Kapha and Snigdha.

Table 5: Showing clinical conditions where Snigdha and Ruksha Sweda are Indicated

SNSnigdha SwedaRuksha Sweda
1.ViswachiAmavata[7]
2.Kati SulaManyastamba[8]
3.Janu Sandhi Gata VataUrustamba[9]
4.Khalli VataAmasaya Gata Vata[10]
5.Trika Sula[11]

Mode of action of Swedana[2]

Swedakarma has thefollowing major actions over the body:

Stambhaghnata, Gouravaghnata, Sheetaghnata, Swedakaraka, Dosha Draveekarana.

Stambhaghnata - Stambha means stiffness/hindering/obstruction/paralyzing/suppression of any of bodily faculties / making rigid / immovable as a resultant of increased Sheeta Guna and also influence of factors such as Samanavata, Sleshakakapha, Mamsa, and Medas. Samanavata is Ruksha Gunapradhana and hence if vitiated does excessive Shoshana of Shareera, thereby producing contractures and stiffness. Sleshakakapha is Snigdha and Pichila and if decreased, results in less lubrication of joints causing stiffness. Swedakarma is Snigdha and Ushna, which corrects bothderanged Dosha Ghataka and relieves stiffness. Acharya Chakrapani has stated that Stambha also means obstruction or block. Therefore, Swedana not only relieves stiffness but also clears blockage of passages (Srotorodha).

Gouravaghnata - Gourava can be seen in aggravated Kapha condition and Ama Avastha. Swedana will help to reduce the Kapha Dosha as well it relives the Ama Avastha thereby the person will feel lightness of the body.

Sheetaghnata - Swedana reduces the Sheeta Guna and thereby it relieves the diseases or symptoms by Ushna Guna.

Swedakaraka - Swedana produces perspiration which eliminates the Mala (excretory product). Therefore, it is a mechanism of excreting the metabolic wastes from the body tissues.

Dosha Darveekarana - Ushna Veerya of Swedana Dravya penetrates to each and every channel in the body and liquefies the Dosha. This liquefied Dosha will move from Shakha to Koshta and is eliminated by Shodhana Karma.


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Gatra Vinamana - Aacharya Charaka says that by application of oil and heat, even dry wood can be bent and so the Shareera. It cures Ruk, Ayama, Shopha, Stambha, Graha and produces Mardava, thereby permitting normal flexible body movement.

jaims_4208_01.jpg

Discussion

Patra Pottali Sweda is indicated for conditions such as Upstambhita Vata Vyadhi, Upastambhita Sandhivata, Katigraha (lower back pain), Vataja Manyastambha (cervical spondylosis), tenderness, and inflammation. This treatment alleviates pain and stiffness, particularly when Vata and Kapha Doshas are imbalanced. Patra Pottali Sweda is a type of Sankara Swedana due to its Ushna Guna, which activates the sympathetic nervous system and promotes vasodilation. The Sara and Sukshma Guna of the Swedana Dravya helps to liquefy the Doshas, allowing them to be expelled through the skin's micropores.[12]

Kukkutanda Pinda Sweda is a distinctive Swedana method described in Bhavaprakash. It is mainly indicated in Manyastambha, Greevagraha, Apabahuka, Muscle wasting, muscle weakness and Vata Vyadhi. Its effects are attributed to properties like Stambhaghna, Gouravaghna, Ushna, Vedana-Shamaka, Brimhana, Balya, and Tridoshaghna. Acharya Charaka highlights Kukkutanda as a powerful remedy for quickly restoring Bala, particularly in individuals with Dhatu Kshaya or injuries. Its Brimhana (nourishing) and Snigdha (unctuous) qualities support Snehana (oleation), which helps balance the vitiated Vata Dosha, enhancing the strength of fibrous tissues and improving joint movement and flexibility by reducing pain and stiffness.

Additionally, its Balya (strengthening) properties fortify the nerves, while the Snehana effect helps alleviate nerve compression.[13]

Table 6: Swedana mentioned in various musculoskeletal disorders

DisordersChakradattaYogaratnakarAstanga SangrahaBhavaprakashaVangasenaSushruta
Amavata  +  +
Sandhigatavata  +  +  +
Vatarakta
Avabahuka  +
Urusthamba  +
Manyasthamba  +
Viswachi
Khalli  +

Sashtika Shali Pinda Sweda, also known as Navarakizhi in Kerala, is a type of Snigdha Sankara Sweda under the Sagni Sweda category. This therapy involves processing Shashtika Shali rice in a decoction of Balamoola (Sida cordifolia root) and milk, providing simultaneous benefits of Swedana (sweating), Snehana (oleation), and Brimhana (nourishment). It is particularly effective for Vata and Vata-Pitta imbalances and is used during the Nirama Avastha of Gambhira Vatarakta (Ankylosing spondylitis).[14] It addresses a range of conditions, including nervous system disorders, spinal degeneration, neuropathy, chronic rheumatism, and muscle dystrophy. The Ushna Guna (hot property) stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to vasodilation,


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while the Sara and Sukshma Gunas (mobile and subtle properties) liquefy accumulated Lina Dosha, allowing toxins to be expelled through the skin's micropores. This treatment enhances flexibility, reduces joint stiffness, improves circulation, and supports better digestion and metabolism. Its Brimhana effect nourishes and strengthens body tissues, while its heat properties promote blood flow, liquefying deep-seated toxins and Doshas for improved overall health and well-being.[15]

Jambira Pinda Sweda was specifically utilized to manage the symptoms of cervical spondylosis. It is a modified version of Sankara Sweda, characterized by its Mridu and Snigdha properties. Swedana is a key treatment method for various disorders, particularly those of Vata-Kapha origin, as outlined in Panchakarma. This technique enhances blood circulation, boosts muscle strength, and alleviates pain and stiffness. The components of Jambira Pinda Sweda Pottali are designed to balance Vata and Kapha, provide analgesic effects, and reduce inflammation. With Jambira being the primary ingredient and known for its sour taste, it offers Vata-pacifying properties.[16]

Godhuma Pinda Sweda is a powerful Ayurvedic therapy aimed at treating various Vata disorders, especially those affecting the musculoskeletal system. Godhuma (wheat) has qualities like Snigdha (unctuous), Grahi (absorbent), Guru (heavy), Madhura (sweet), Sheeta (cooling), Sthira (stable), and Sandhana (binding), making it effective as a nourishing (Brimhana) treatment to balance both Vata and Pitta Doshas. It is particularly beneficial in managing Dhatukshayajanya Vatarogas (degenerative disorders), helping to restore depleted tissues (Kshayadhatus) while providing a soothing and revitalizing effect. The therapeutic properties of Godhuma are linked to its amino acid threonine, which may be a key active component. Additionally, when cow’s milk is incorporated into the therapy, its fats are absorbed into the body during the Pinda Sweda, enhancing the nourishing benefits. Bala (Sida cordifolia) further boosts efficacy with its alkaloid ephedrine, which has stimulating and therapeutic effects.[17]

Masha Pinda Swedana is a highly effective therapy for managing Nirama Avastha Sandhishula (joint pain without toxins), particularly in cases like Janusandhishula (knee joint pain).

This treatment is Brumhana (nourishing) in nature due to the Guru (heavy), Ushna (hot), and Balya (strengthening) qualities of Masha (black gram), which help pacify aggravated Vata Dosha in the joints (Sandhisthana). It is an ideal first line of treatment for knee pain in the Nirama Avastha (absence of toxins). Additionally, Masha Pinda Swedana is beneficial in conditions related to Dhatukshaya (tissue depletion), where Vata dosha is aggravated. The Ushna Veerya (hot potency) of Masha counters the Sheeta (cold) nature of Vata, and when applied as a hot bolus fomentation, it provides warmth and softness to the joints. The predominance of Madhura Rasa (sweet taste), Snigdha (unctuousness), Guru (heaviness), Mrudu (softness), and Sthira (stability) further enhances its ability to calm Vata, reduce pain, and promote nourishment (Brumhana).[18]

Churna Pinda Sweda is one type of Ruksha Sankara Sweda comprising of Ruksha, Ushna Tikshna properties and it involves using a combination of various powders, including Fenugreek (Methika), Mustard (Sarshapa), Dill (Shatapushpa), Nardostachys jatamansi, and Flax seeds (Atasi). There are two methods for performing Pinda Sweda: Snigdha and Rooksha. In the Snigdha method, oil is first massaged onto the body, and the Pottalis are heated in oil as well. Alternatively, the Pottalis can be warmed using the steam from specific liquid substances, such as Dhanyamla, in certain conditions. It possesses properties like Vatahara, Sulahara, Sothahara and Vedanasthapana.[19] Churna Pinda Sweda utilizes the properties of Swedana drugs to implement two key mechanisms: vasodilation and the induction of sweating.[20]

Valuka Sweda is a form of Ruksha Sweda (dry heat therapy) that uses a Pottali (bolus) filled with sand, which is rich in silica known for its excellent thermal properties that facilitate efficient heat transfer. When heated, sand acts as a bio-ceramic material that emits far-infrared energy, penetrating the skin to cause capillary expansion and promoting the elimination of toxins and metabolic waste. The therapeutic benefits of far-infrared energy, supported by modern research, align with the physiological advantages of Swedana therapy in Ayurveda. Valuka Sweda is particularly effective in reducing the Sheeta (cold) quality of aggravated Vata Dosha. It is also Kaphahara (alleviating Kapha), Stambhagna (reducing stiffness),


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and helps in cleansing the channels (Srothoshodhana) by reducing localized Ama (toxins) that cause stiffness. Its application is especially beneficial for alleviating Kapha and Vata Dosha, particularly in the neck region (Manyapradesha), where it can relieve Kaphavarana (obstruction by Kapha). The heat promotes muscle relaxation, improves blood circulation, and stimulates local metabolic processes, all of which help reduce pain, swelling, tenderness, and stiffness, making Valuka Sweda effective in managing neck pain and stiffness.[21]

Kareesha Pinda Sweda is classified as Ushmasweda by Acharya Vagbhata, while Acharya Charaka refers to it as Pinda Sweda, specifically used to treat Kaphaja Vyadhis. The Ruksha (dry) quality of Kareesha helps in the digestion of Ama and pacifies Kapha. Twak (skin) is the seat of Bhrajaka Pitta, and the Swedana procedure stimulates Bhrajaka Pitta, which aids in the digestion of ama present in the skin. Thus, Kareesha Pinda Sweda effectively digests Ama and alleviates the obstruction of Kapha on Vata in conditions like Vatakaphaja Gridhrasi(sciatica).[21]

Conclusion

Both Snigdha (unctuous) and Rooksha (dry) Sweda play vital roles in managing musculoskeletal disorders, particularly those involving Vata and Kapha imbalances. Snigdha Sweda therapies, such as Kukkutanda Pinda Sweda, Sashtika Shali Pinda Sweda, and Masha Pinda Sweda, use nourishing, strengthening, and lubricating properties to address conditions like muscle weakness and tissue depletion. These treatments balance Vata Dosha by promoting Snehana (oleation), enhancing flexibility, improving blood circulation, and restoring the strength of tissues, nerves, and joints. Their Brimhana (nourishing) and Balya (strengthening) qualities make them especially effective in treating degenerative and nervous system disorders. In contrast, Rooksha Sweda therapies like Valuka Sweda, Churna Pinda Sweda, and Kareesha Pinda Sweda focus on reducing Kapha and Vata-related stiffness, swelling, and toxins. By applying dry heat, these treatments promote vasodilation, stimulate local metabolic processes, and facilitate the elimination of accumulated toxins (Ama) through sweating. Rooksha Sweda is particularly effective in alleviating stiffness, improving mobility,

and reducing inflammation, especially in conditions involving Kapha dominance and Ama obstruction, such as neck pain, sciatica, and joint disorders where Kapha and Vata Doshas are imbalanced.

The use of Snigdha and Rooksha Sweda therapies offers a holistic approach to managing musculoskeletal diseases by addressing the specific Dosha imbalances, promoting tissue repair, and enhancing overall physical function.

Both methods complement each other in Ayurveda’s comprehensive approach to restoring musculoskeletal health and well-being.

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