E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Kaphaja Kasa

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 3 MARCH
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Kaphaja Kasa - An Ayurvedic Review

Bhuvaneshwari1*, Pramod Shet B2
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.3.35

1* Bhuvaneshwari, Second Year Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Muniyal Institute of Ayurveda and Medical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

2 Pramod Shet B, Professor, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Muniyal Institute of Ayurveda and Medical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Kasa is the release of blocked Vayu with the production of an unusual sound, or Kutsit Shabda. This can be either productive (with secretion) or dry (without secretion). Bahula, Madhura, Snigdha, Swetha, Nishtiva, Gana Kapha, Aruchi, Gaurava, Shirashoola, Swarabheda, Peenasa, Kantha Kandu, Utklesha, and so on are Lakshana of Kaphaja Kasa. Bronchitis is frequently the greatest way to compare Kaphaja Kasa. The main causes of bronchitis are dust, indoor smoke, smoking, pollution, chemical vapours and irritants, and unfamiliar activities and environments. Ayurveda Chikitsa Siddhant states that Nidana Parivarjana and its formulations of Vata-Kapha Hara, Vatanulomana Agnideepana, Aama Pachana, and Srotoshodhaka, are the primary treatments for Kaphaja Kasa. It also has bronchodilatory, mast cell stabilizing, and antihistaminic properties with are antitussive, mucolytic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. As a result, the formulation has the ability to liquefy Kapha, ease expectoration and relieve bronchial congestion, helps to regulate respiratory system.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Kapha Dosha, Pranavaha Srotas, Chronic Bronchitis, Mucus Hypersecretion, Expectorants

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Bhuvaneshwari, Second Year Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Muniyal Institute of Ayurveda and Medical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Bhuvaneshwari, Pramod Shet B, Kaphaja Kasa - An Ayurvedic Review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(3):223-230.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4207/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-02-14 2025-02-27 2025-03-07 2025-03-17 2025-03-27
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© 2025 by Bhuvaneshwari, Pramod Shet B and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Bhuvaneshwari et al. Kaphaja Kasa - An Ayurvedic Review

Introduction

Kaphaja Kasa is the term for coughing that results from vitiated Kapha. Scattered references are found in various classical texts. It is one of the five different clinical variants of it. The cough manifests as chest congestion and sputum accumulation because of the influence and obstruction of Kapha and the restriction of movement of Vata by Kapha.[1] Copious expectoration of phlegm is the classical hallmark if this clinical entity.

Bronchitis is a common respiratory condition that usually results from an infection in the respiratory tract that causes inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree. It is characterized by cough associated with sputum on most days for atleast 3 consecutive months, for more than 2 successive years.[2]

It is one of the most commonest causes for recurrent respiratory tract infections; causing significant distress to the individuals. The prevalence of Chronic bronchitis varies throughout the World, ranging from 3.4%–22.0% in the general population to up to 74.1% in patients with COPD. The prevalence of Chronic bronchitis in India is 12.5 % between the ages of 17 and 64 years. Prevalence rate of bronchitis in Karnataka state is estimated to be around 4.36%.[3]

International recommendations state that supportive care and symptom management - which emphasizes rest, hydration, and avoiding irritants - are the main treatments for bronchitis, especially acute bronchitis.[4] Unless a bacterial infection is highly suspected, antibiotics should be used poorly. Antibiotic resistance has led to failure of conventional antibiotic therapy to recurrent infections broadening the scope of Ayurveda interventions.

Ayurveda mentions various clinical approaches for the treatment. Shaman, Shodhana, Nidana Parivarjana are a few modalities of treatment explained; for the successful management of Kaphaja Kasa.

Nidana of Kaphaja Kasa

Two subheadings can be used to categorize the causes of Kaphaja Kasa, 1. Samanya Nidana and 2. Vishesha Nidana.

1. Samanya Nidana: It can be grouped into

A) Aharaja Nidana

Rukshannasevana - Vata Dosha will rise if you consume dry meals like Shushka Shaka, Shushka Mamsa, Harenu, and junk food (Indian diet increases the body's creation of waste products like carbon dioxide and urea by giving it too much readily digested carbohydrates and harmful fats, which are subsequently broken down quickly). Consequently, metabolic waste is produced, causing more production of anerobic bacteria resultant to fermentation, bloating which activates the cough reflex by stretching of gastrium. Aharas such as Masha, Dadhi, Ikshuvikara, Navanna, Payasa, as well as Guru, Snighdha, Madhura, and Picchila, will boost Kapha and Kleda Guna, which will ultimately lead to Kaphaja Kasa.[5]

Atisheetha Ahara Sevana like cold and frozen foods, such as milk shakes and ice cream, will vitiate both the Kapha and Vata Doshas. This will cause mast cells to be stimulated, which will produce histamines, causing coughing and constriction of the bronchi.[6]

Additionally, aggravating the Vata and stimulating the cough reflex are Alpaaharasevana, Anashana, and Upavasa.

B) Viharaja Nidana

Diwaswapna cause Kapha Prakopa

Rajasevana means exposure to dust;

Dhoomopagatha refers to being around irritating smoke. During breathing, these dust particles irritates the respiratory system through the mouth and nose. The respiratory tract's mast cells are activated as a defense mechanism, releasing histamines that enhance secretion and create Kasa.

Vata Dosha is vitiated and the cough reflex is stimulated by Ratrijagarana (night awakening), Hasya (excessive laughing), and Vyayama (hard activity).

C) Prajnaparadhajanya

Vega Dharana and Udheerana, which is the deliberate suppression of natural urges such as Kshavathu or the forceful induction of Vega, can vitiate the Vata Dosha and result in Kasa.

If food entering the respiratory system. When someone eats quickly, their food may be forcefully deglutitioned into the incorrect route.


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Cough is produced as a protective mechanism to remove the food particle from the respiratory tract.

2. Vishesha Nidana of Kaphaja Kasa

As the Vishesh Nidana (specific etiology) of Kaphaja Kasa, Acharya Charaka states that the primary Nidanas are Guru (heavy), Abhishyandi, Madhura (sweet), Snigdha (unctuous), Swapna (sleep), and Vicheshtana.[7]

Poorvaroopa

Shukapoornagalasyata (sensation as if the throat and mouth filled with bristles), Kante Kandu (itching sensation in throat). Bhojyanam Avarodha (obstruction to the movement of food in gullet).[8]

Kaphaja Kasa Rupa

According to Acharya Charaka, Kaphaja Kasa Lakshana are Mandagni (suppression of the power of digestion), Aruchi (Anorexia), Chardi (Vomiting), Pinasa (Chronic rhinitis), Utklesha (Nausea), Gaurava (Feeling of heaviness in the body), Loma Harsha (Horripilation) Madhurya (Sweetness). Kleda Samsadana (stickiness in the mouth), Bahulam Madhuram Snigdha Nisthivan Ghana Kapham (spitting of thick phlegm in large quantity which is sweet in taste and unctuous), no feeling of pain in the chest while coughing and Vaksha Sampurna (feeling of fullness in the chest).[9]

Samprapti

jaims_4207_00.jpg

Samprapti Ghataka's of Kaphaja Kasa

Dosha - Kapha, Vata
Dushya - Rasa
Agni - Jataragni
Ama - Jatharagni Mandyajanya
Udbhavasthana - Amashaya
Sancharasthana - Rasayani
Adhistana - Uras
Srotas - Pranavaha Srotas, Rasavaha Srotas
Dushti Prakara - Sanga
Roga Marga - Abhyatara

Samprapthi of Kaphaja Kasa based on Kriya Kala

The manifestation of Kaphaja Kasa is actively influenced by a number of causative elements. The Pranavaha Srotas have been directly harmed by smoking, dust, and pollen. The causes of the Kapha Dosha it to accumulate in its own Sthana, or Amashaya. This is the Sanchayaavastha stage. The patient displays symptoms such as Alasya and Gaurava in Ura, Shira, Jihwa, Kanta, and Grana at this stage because of the effect of morbid Kapha.

Prakopaavstha is the result of further aggravated Kapha Dosha. At this point, the Pitta, which helps in digestion, is diminished by the vitiated Kapha in the Amashaya. The food is not adequately digested, resulting in an incorrectly formed Rasa in Amashaya termed Ama begins to spread throughout the body Prasaravasta is the name of this stage. Agnimandya leads to Rasa Dushti at this point. Thus, in the location of Khavaigunya, the pathological interaction between morbid Dosha and Dushya is caused by Prakupita Kapha and vitiated Rasa Dhatu. This is Sthanasamshraya stage.

The patient displays Poorvaroopa at this point. The sickness will continue to advance to the following stage, Vyakthavastha, if appropriate intervention is not received at this point, there is an excessive generation of Malarupi Kapha due to the abnormal interplay between morbid Dosha and Dushya.[10]

In the Pranavaha Srotas, the buildup of Malarupi Kapha tends to obstruct Pranavayu's movement. This is Kaphaja Kasa's Samprapti. In order to eliminate the extra Kapha secreted in Pranavaha Srotas, it is said that obstruction of the Vayugati results, when the respiratory muscles contract, the Anila is thrown upward and emerges out the mouth along with sputum, making a particular sound.[11]


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Discussion

To break the Sammurchana of Dosha and Dushya, it is hard to understand the pathogenic process. The disease's onset and progression are influenced by the remaining Samprapti Ghatakas, including Agni, Ama, Srotas, Dosha and Dushya. A thorough understanding of the many Ghatakas is necessary for the Samprapti's breakdown.

There are two ways that Kaphajakasa Jathragni Mandya develops: external influences such as Gurus and Abhishyandi Ahara cause Agni Mandya because of their hostile qualities. Second, Agnimandya is also caused by Vrudha Kapha Dosha. Manda Guna causes Agnimandya. In Kaphaja Kasa, food that is improperly digested due to Kayagni's hypofunction forms a Rasa in the Udbhavasthana, i.e., in Amashaya is Ama. Ama vitiates the Kapha Dosha by circulating in the body with Rasa Dhatu.

Treatment

The treatment of Kaphaja Kasa - Aushadhis having Katu Rasa, Ushna, Laghu and Ruksha Gunas and which are Kaphahara in nature, also Kasaghna drugs are advised. Thereafter to raise the immunity of the body in general Rasayana is also advised.

1) Shodhana Chikitsa: The best way to remove vitiated Kapha Dosha from the Uras is by Vamana, which breaks the Samprapti and allows the Pranavata to function normally. Since Vamana is only given in Balavan Rogi, the Bala of the Rogi should be evaluated before selecting Vamana.[12]

Mode of action

The Vamakadravyas possess Ushna, Tikshna, Sukshma, Vyavayi, Vikasi and Urdhwabhagahara properties, these properties of drugs contributed greatly towards the physiological action of Vamana therapy[13]:

  • Ushnaguna produces Pachana and Dahana effects, drugs spread at cellular level and Vishyandana is produced when Vamana Dravyas are administered with Lavana.
  • Tikshna Guna of Vamakadravya imparts quick action; this property facilitates Chhedana and Sravana of Doshas at their own places.
  • Sukshma Guna of Vamanadravya helps in transportation of through minute channels (Srotasas).

  • When drugs reach to the site of action due to their Sukshma Guna then these drugs cause Pachana and Vishyandana of Doshas, that after morbid Doshas get eliminated from body easily.
  • Vikasi Gunas of Vamakadravya leads transportation of drugs at the levels of Dhatus produces Sandhi saithilya, Doshaslina in Dhatus attacked by the Vamakadravya and migrated to the Koshtha for their elimination.
  • Vamakadravyas produces emesis due to their Urdhwabhagaharaprabhava due to Agni & Vayu & this effect directs Doshas towards Koshtha from their gets eliminated via oral route.
  • Vamanakarma ultimately brings Kapha to the Koshtha from there these Dosha get eliminated. Vamanakarma brings morbid Doshas from Koshtha to mouth and effects of emesis remove these Doshas. Therefore, Vamanakarma helps in Kaphaj disorders.

Mechanism of Action Through Nervous System[14]

Vamana Karma occurs at three different levels in this mechanism.

A. Activation of emesis.
B. Stimulation of vomiting centre.
C. Actual motor response through motor nerves.

(A) Activation of Emesis:

1) Vomiting starts in the stomach or upper GIT, when it is full of contents (like Akantapana during Vamana). It becomes over distended and over excitable afterwards.

Here Udirana or excitation of Pitta creates Vega and indicates the reflex from gastric mucosa. This excited stage stimulates both sympathetic & vagal afferents leading to upward movements, where it stimulates Marma (Hridaya) & produce Vomiting,

2) Emesis is provoked by several psychic stimuli or by noxious thoughts or smells that originate in the cerebral cortex. These types of stimuli directly stimulate the certain areas of the hypothalamus. This act may be seen when a Vamana is induced by Ghreya Vamaka Yoga's.

(B) Stimulation of Vomiting Centre:

All types of vomiting stimuli directly stimulate bilateral vomiting centre in the medulla.


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(C) Actual Motor Response Through Motor Nerves:

These stimuli further lead to automatic motor reactions which further send direct motor impulses to be transmitted from vomiting centre to:

(i) 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 12th cranial nerves & then towards upper GIT.

(ii) Spinal nerves which further progress to diaphragm & abdominal muscles.

Herbs for Vamana in Kaphaja Kasa

  • Madana Phala
  • Nimba
  • Yashtimadhu
  • Vacha
  • Trikatu + Vasa
  • Pippali Roasted with Tila Taila
  • Shanapushpi
  • Pratyakpushpi

Virechana[15] - This helps in bringing back the normal Gati of Pranavayu which previously had attained the Udanagati by the process of Anulomana.

Virechana Agrya Dravya: Mrudu Virechana - Aragwadha, Tikshna Virechana - Snuhi, Sukha Virechana - Trivrit, Bhedana And Anulomana - Amlavetasa, Anulomana - Hingu, Sramsana - Yaavashuka.

The removal of Kapha Dosha from the Murdhapradesha, Nasya[16] can be done. Since Shiras are equally impacted by the pathological process. where the vitiated Pranavayu carries the Kapha Dosha to the Shiras. Hence, eliminating Kapha eliminates the Avarana, correcting the Vayu and relieving the Kasa. It also alleviates local symptoms such as Shirashoola and Peenasa.

Dravya used for Nasya - Apamarga, Pippali, Maricha, Vidanga, Sigru, Sarsapa, Jiraka, Ela, Lasuna, Haridra, Daruharidra etc.

In Kaphaja Kasa, Vairechanika Dhumapana[17] is mentioned. Here, the medication provides immediate relief by acting directly on the location. This helps in the liquification of Kapha, and cough reflexes expels sputum, and clears the Srotas.

Kavalagraha [18] can be done with Kaphahara and Vatahara drugs. It is aimed to remove Kapha from mouth and surroundings. It has its par excellence in relieving symptoms of Kaphaja Kasa like Swarabheda, Aruchi, Kantekandu, Mukhalepa Madhurasyatha.

2) Shamana Aushadhi

Rasaushadhies

A) Swasa Kutara Rasa
B) Tribhuvana Keerti Rasa
C) Swasa Kasachintamani Rasa

Swarasa:

A) Ardraka Swarasa: It has been described under Deepaniya and Truptighna Gana, Botanical name - Zingiber officinale, Family - Zinzeberacea.

Virya - Ushna, Vipaka - Madhura, Doshagnata - Vatakaphahara, Part used - Rhizome, Action - Agni Deepana, Ruchya, Jihwa Kanta Vishodhaka, Kasa Shwasahara, Rogaghnata - it is useful in Agnimandya, Shwasa, Kasa, Jalodhara, Sheetapitta. Properties are beneficial in Kaphaja Kasa.[19]

B) Vasa Swarasa: It has been described under Shirovirechana and Lekhaniya Gana, Botanical name -Adhathoda vasica, Family - Acanthaceae.

Rasa - Katu, Tiktha, Guna - Laghu, Tikshna, Veerya - Ushna, Vipaka – Katu, Prabhava - Medhya, Action -Vasa is a very potent expectorant which helps to clear the congestion in respiratory tract thereby benefitting patients of Asthma, Cough and Bronchitis.

Dosage - 30ml.

Anupana - Water

Choorna:

A) Sitopaladi Churna: It is mentioned in various ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sharanghdhara Samhita, Bhaishajya Rathnavali. In Charaka Samhita it is mentioned for Kasa, Shwasa, and Kshaya Rog.

Rasa - Katu, Guna - Ruksha Laghu, Virya - Ushna, Vipaka - Katu, Karma - Deepana, Pachana, Kasahara, Swasahara, Doshakarma - Vatakapha Hara Sitopaladi Churna is a versatile remedy for all these kinds of Cough. Depending on the nature of the cough, it is prescribed with honey,


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water, or ghee or alongside with other herbal formulations. The anti-tussive activity of this medicine is assign to its ability to affect the central nervous system and suppress a cough (Kasa).[20]

B) Talisadi Churna: It is mentioned in Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 8th chapter.

Rasa - Katu, Tikta, Madhura, Guna - Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshana, Virya - Ushna, Vipaka - Katu, Karma - Deepana, Pachana, Hrdya, Anulomana, Swasahara, Kasahara, Doshakarma - Vatakapha Hara.

Talisadi Churna taken for present study helps in Samprapti Vighatana of Kaphaja Kasa. These drugs act as Agni - Deepana, Aampachana, Vatanulomana, Hridya, Lekhana, Chedana, Kaphanissarana, Srotoshodhana and Vyadhi - Pratyanika properties.[21]

Dosage - 12gms

Anupana - Madhu, Ghrita

Vatis:

A) Lavangadi Vati:Rasa - Katu, Kashaya, Guna - Laghu, Virya - Ushna, Vipaka - Madhura, Doshakarma - Vatakapha Hara.

In Lavangadi Vati, Lavanga and Maricha both these ingredients are Srota Sodhaka in nature and they are capable to work as expectorant in chronic cough. Lavangadi Vati with its great utilization in Swasa, Kasa, Galavikara, Tundikeri, Rohini etc. of Pranavaha Srotas or respiratory tract.

Avaleha:

A) Kantakari Avaleha:one of the primarily recommended formulations for the management of Shwasa (bronchial asthma), Kasa (cough), and Hikka (hiccup).

B) Vasa Avaleha: Vasavaleha is used in the treatment of cough, asthma, bronchitis, pain abdomen, bleeding disorders and fever. It acts as bronchodilator and antimicrobial. It is used for the treatment of sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD.

3) Rasayana Treatment

Action: Nourishes and maintains the cell life (Nutraceutical action). Encourages the growth of new cells (Regenerative action). Prevents recurrent infection, expelling the damaged cells (Immunomodulatory action).

Eliminates the toxic metabolites and pollutants (Antioxidant action). Maintains the balance between mind and body (Adaptogenic). Rasayana drugs act at the subcellular level.

Specific evidence-based action of specific Rasayana

1. Emblica officianalis (Amla) fruit - Anti-Oxidant, Micronutrient,
2. Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) fruit - Antioxidant
3. Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) root - Adaptogenic, antioxidant.
4. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) Satwa - Immunomodulatory antioxidant.
5. Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) Stembark - Hypocholestrolemic, antioxidant.
6. Shilajeet - Antidiabetic, anabolic.
7. Bhallatak (Semicarpus anacordium seeds) - Anticancer.
8. Mandookparni (Baccopa manori) - Memory booster.
9. Chavanprash - Anabolic, antiaging, immunoboosting etc.
10. Brahmrasayan - antiaging, anabolic, immunity enhancing.
11. Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana (Piper longum) - debilitating diseases.

Conclusion

Kaphaja Kasa is one of Pranvaha Srothodusti Janita Vyadhi where Kasavega is associated with Bahala Ghana Nishtivana. It is possible to compare the modern concept of bronchitis may be acute/chronic/allergic with Kaphaja Kasa.

Treatment of chronic bronchitis in modern biomedicine has restrictions due to antibiotic resistance, and is not the best option in long run. Ayurveda management is more holistic; interms of usage of medicaments (most likely have mucolytic, expectorant, and cough suppressant properties), panchakarma therapies which will help in removal of obstruction, controlling inflammation and thereby preventing recurrence.

Future research must demonstrate the pharmacological and therapeutic efficacy of these Shamana medications & Panchakarma therapies with respect to various stages of chronic bronchitis/ Kaphaja Kasa.


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