Introduction
The Tridosha theory serves as the foundational concept of Ayurveda, underpinning all other principles. The three Doshas are Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Each of these Doshas is further divided into five types according to their location and function.[1] The activities of these Tridoshas can be observed at various levels of organization, such as cellular or systemic levels. A person is considered healthy when the Tridoshas, along with Saptadhatu and Mala, are in balance. Since it is a theoretical concept, no single structure or substance can consistently embody a Dosha.[2]
Each Dosha has specific qualities and roles. In its normal state, Kapha is described as Bala (strength), while in a disturbed state, it is referred to as Mala, leading to different health issues.[3] Panchamahabhuta composition of Kapha Dosha is Jala and Prithvi. Properties of Kapha Dosha are Guru (heavy), Sheeta (cold), Mridu (soft), Shlakshna (smooth), Sthira (immobile), Picchila (slimy) and it is subsided by food and drugs possessing qualities opposite to this.[4] Chest, head, neck, joints, stomach and fat are the general location of Kapha Dosha.[5] Providing stability, binding structures, unctuous property in the body and maintenance of bulk, strength, higher mental functions are the normal physiological functions of Kapha Dosha.[6] Based on specific location and function, Kapha is subdivided into five types namely Avalambaka, Kledaka, Bodhaka, Tarpaka and Shleshaka.
Shleshaka Kapha is found in the joints and serves to lubricate the spaces between the bones. It supports and preserves the structural integrity of the joints, allowing for flexibility and helping to avert damage due to friction. An imbalance in Shleshaka Kapha can result in stiffness and pain in the joints. This article aims to explore and deepen the understanding of the physiological role of Shleshaka Kapha while relating it to concepts in modern physiology.
Modern Correlation of Shleshaka Kapha
The location of Shleshaka Kapha is considered to be the joints, or Sandhi, serving the purpose of lubrication. This can be compared to the synovial fluid found in joints according to modern anatomical and physiological studies. Synovial fluid is described as the fluid found within the space of a joint.
It exists in synovial joints, which are the most prevalent types of joints in the human body, enabling load-bearing and minimizing friction.[7] Synovial fluid is a viscous liquid that is clear and straw-colored. It plays metabolic, regulatory, and biochemical roles. Primarily, it serves as a lubricant for the joint space and articular cartilage, while also assisting in the diffusion of nutrients to nearby structures like cartilage, meniscus, and labrum.[8] Synovial fluid is formed from ultrafiltrate of blood plasma along with other additional molecules secreted by cell lining.[9]
It consists of hyaluronan, collagenases, lubricin, prostaglandins, proteinase etc. It also comprises of soluble molecules namely morphogens, growth factor, cytokines mediating communication amidst cells in the joint. Major component-proteins are derived from plasma. The protein concentration and content are elevated in joint inflammation. The lubricating molecules are generated by synovial cell population. Characteristic alterations in lubricating macromolecules are noted in OA, RA, and trauma patients. Growth factors and cytokines are produced from plasma or released by synovial cells or other nearby tissues. In healthy conditions, their concentration is minimal, but in cases of joint injuries and diseases, it is significantly elevated.[10] Thus, the constituents within synovial fluid brings about some unique properties and maintains the joint homeostasis. Synovial fluid also serves as a shock absorber, facilitating smooth joint movements. Volume and contents of synovial fluid change physiologically in response to inflammation, trauma and penetrance by bacteria, fungi or virus. The composition and functions are altered in joint diseases and injury which may result in pain and dysfunction of synovial joints.
Materials and Methods
Several classic Ayurvedic literatures are used to study this subject. To gain a thorough understanding of the concept of Shleshaka Kapha in relation to synovial fluid, materials on Shleshaka Kapha, its significance, and other pertinent topics were gathered, reviewed, and discussed.
Discussion
Lubrication - both Shleshaka Kapha and synovial fluid provide lubrication to joints, facilitating smooth movements and reducing friction.
©